活躍小行星
活躍小行星是有著小行星般的軌道,是會呈現出彗星的視覺特徵,但有著小行星軌道的太陽系小天體。也就是說,它們顯示出彗髮、彗尾或其它質量損失的視覺特徵(像彗星),但它們的軌道仍在木星的軌道內(像小行星)[1][2]。這些天體在2006年被天文學家大衛·朱維特和Henry Hsieh命名為主帶彗星(main-belt comets,MBCs)。但這個名字意味著它們的組成必然像彗星一樣冰冷,也只存在於主小行星帶;然而,隨著活躍小行星數量的增長,情況並非總是如此[1][3][4]。
小行星(7968) 埃爾斯特-皮薩羅(Elst–Pizarro)是發現的第一顆活躍小行星。它在1979年被發現時是一顆小行星,後來在1996年被艾瑞克·懷特·埃爾斯特和圭多·皮薩羅(Guido Pizarro)發現它有尾巴,於是被命為133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅彗星[1][5]。
軌道
不同於彗星,活躍小行星的軌道大部分都在木星軌道附近或者離太陽更遠的地方,它們的軌道通常與小行星的標準軌道沒有區別(小行星)。朱維特對活躍小行星的定義為除了具有質量損失的視覺證據外,還具有以下軌道的天體[2]:
朱維特選擇蒂塞朗參數3.08而不是3.0,來區分彗星和小行星,是因為木星本身的蒂塞朗參數是3.0。這樣可以避免實際的太陽系偏離理想的限制性三體問題造成的模糊情況(與木星族彗星混淆) [2]。
活動
一些活躍小行星只在軌道的一部分,即近日點的附近,顯示出彗星的塵埃尾。這有力的說明它們表面的揮發物在昇華,同時帶走了塵埃物質[9]。133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅彗星的活動是週期性的反復出現,在最近三次經過近日點附近時都觀測到其活動[1]。這種活動在5-6年的軌道週期中,持續一或數個月[6],可能是由於在過去的100-1,000年中,輕微的撞擊導致冰在表面覆蓋或露出[6]。懷疑是撞擊挖掘出這些表面下的揮發性物質,使它們暴露在太陽輻射下[6]。
在2010年1月發現的P/2010 A2 (LINEAR),被認為表現出彗星狀的昇華,因而最初被賦予彗星的名稱:354P/LINEAR[10]。但P/2010 A2現在被認為是小行星撞擊小行星後的殘餘物[11][12]。對 (596) Scheila的觀測表明,大量的塵埃是被另一顆直徑約35米的小行星撞擊產生的。
P/2013 R3
P/2013 R3 (卡特琳娜-泛星)是由R.E. Hill使用卡特琳娜巡天的0.68米施密特望遠鏡,和Bryce T. Bolin使用在哈雷卡拉的1.8米泛星1號望遠鏡的兩位觀測者獨立發現的[13]。 泛星1號望遠鏡拍攝的照片顯示,兩個不同的輻射源相距僅3英寸,並有一條包覆著這兩個輻射源的尾巴。在2013年10月,使用在拉帕爾馬島上的10.4米加那利大型望遠鏡後續觀測拍攝的P/2013 R3影像,顯示這顆彗星正在分裂[14]。疊加10月11和12日的CCD影像,檢查後發現這顆主帶彗星中心有一個明亮的凝聚體,伴隨著它一起運行的還有3個分別標示為a、b、c的碎片。最亮的一個碎片在內華達山脈天文台1.52米望遠鏡的CCD影樣中也檢測得到[14]。
NASA報導了哈伯太空望遠鏡在2013年10月29日至2014年1月14日期間拍攝的一系列影像,顯示這4個主體之間的間隔越來越大[15]。這是由太陽光照射產生的YORP效應增加了旋轉的速度,使得離心力導致碎石堆分離[15]。
組成
一些活躍小行星顯示出組成份像傳統彗星一樣冰冷的跡象,而另一些則被視為像岩石化的小行星一樣。因為地球海洋的氘氫比太低,傳統的彗星不可能是主要來源,因此有人假設主帶彗星(活躍小行星)可能是地球上水的來源[16]。歐洲的科學家提出了一個名為"卡洛琳"(" Caroline ")的主帶彗星樣品返回任務",以收集灰塵樣品並分析揮發物的含量[9]。
成員
'主帶彗星'這個名詞是基於軌道和它存在的位置擴展出來的分類,這並不意味著這些天體是彗星,或是環繞在核心周圍的物質是如同彗星的揮發性物質。
該類別的確定成員包括:
名稱 | 半長軸(AU) | 近日點 (AU) | TJup | 直徑(km) | 原因 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
穀神星 | 2.77 | 2.56 | 3.309 | 939 | 水昇華[2] |
493 Griseldis | 3.12 | 2.57 | 3.140 | 46 | 撞擊[17] |
596 Scheila | 2.92 | 2.44 | 3.209 | 113 | 撞擊[18][19][20] |
2201 Oljato | 2.18 | 0.62 | 3.299 | 1.8 | 釋氣[21] |
3200法厄同 | 1.27 | 0.14 | 4.510 | 5.8 | 熱壓製和/或乾燥裂縫[22] |
威爾遜-哈靈頓彗星 | 2.64 | 0.98 | 3.082 | 4 | 昇華[23][24] |
6478 Gault | 2.31 | 1.86 | 3.461 | 3.7 | 旋轉自旋增加[25][26][27] |
7968埃爾斯特-皮薩羅 (133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅,P/1996 N2) |
3.15 | 2.64 | 3.184 | 3.9 | 撞擊/冰昇華[28][29] |
(62412) 2000 SY178 | 3.15 | 2.90 | 3.197 | 5 | Rubble pile disintegration[30] |
101955 貝努 | 1.13 | 0.90 | 5.525 | 0.49 | 熱壓裂、揮發成分釋放和/或撞擊[31] |
118401 林尼爾(176P/林尼爾) | 3.19 | 2.57 | 3.167 | 4 | 撞擊/冰昇華[32] |
(300163) 2006 VW139(彗星288P) | 3.05 | 2.44 | 3.204 | 1.8 | 冰昇華[33] |
233P/拉薩格拉(P/2005 JR71) | 3.04 | 1.79 | 3.081 | 撞擊/冰昇華 | |
238P/Read(P/2005 U1) | 3.16 | 2.36 | 3.154 | 0.6 | 撞擊/冰昇華[34] |
259P/加里德 (P/2008 R1) | 2.72 | 1.79 | 3.217 | 0.6 | 冰昇華/軌道變化[35] |
311P/PANSTARRS (P/2013 P5) | 2.19 | 1.95 | 3.661 | 0.5 | 碎石堆崩解[36][37][38] |
313P/吉布斯(P/2003 S10) | 3.16 | 2.39 | 3.133 | 1.0 | 冰昇華[39] |
324P/拉薩格拉(P/2010 R2) | 3.10 | 2.62 | 3.100 | 撞擊/冰昇華[40] | |
331P/吉布斯(P/2012 F5) | 3.00 | 2.88 | 3.228 | 碎石堆崩解[41][42] | |
348P/泛星(P/2011 A5) | 3.17 | 2.21 | 3.062 | ||
354P/林尼爾(P/2010 A2) | 2.29 | 2.00 | 3.583 | 0.22 | 撞擊[43] |
358P/泛星(P/2012 T1) | 3.15 | 2.41 | 3.134 | 0.32 | 撞擊/冰昇華[44] |
367P/卡特琳娜(P/2011 CR42) | 3.51 | 2.53 | 3.042 | ||
P/2013 R3-A (卡特琳娜-泛星) | 3.03 | 2.20 | 3.184 | 0.2 | 碎石堆崩解[45] |
P/2013 R3-B (卡特琳娜-泛星) | 3.03 | 2.20 | 3.184 | 0.2 | Rubble pile disintegration[45] |
P/2014 C1(托塔) | 3.04 | 1.69 | 3.077 | ||
P/2015 X6(泛星) | 2.75 | 2.29 | 3.319 | 碎石堆崩解或冰昇華[46] | |
P/2016 G1(泛星) | 2.58 | 2.04 | 3.367 | 0.2 | 撞擊[47] |
P/2016 J1-A(泛星) | 3.17 | 2.45 | 3.113 | 0.5 | 撞擊/冰昇華/碎石堆崩解[48] |
P/2016 J1-B (泛星) | 3.17 | 2.45 | 3.113 | 0.2 | Impact/ice sublimation/rubble pile disintegration[48] |
P/2016 P1 (泛星) | 3.23 | 2.28 | 2.967 | ||
P/2017 S5 (阿特拉斯) | 3.17 | 2.18 | 3.092 | 0.5 | 冰昇華[49] |
P/2017 S8 (泛星) | 2.78 | 1.68 | 3.040 | ||
P/2017 S9 (泛星) | 3.16 | 2.20 | 3.087 | ||
P/2018 P3 (泛星) | 3.01 | 1.76 | 3.096 | ||
P/2019 A3 (泛星) | 3.15 | 2.31 | 3.100 | ||
P/2019 A4 (泛星) | 2.61 | 2.36 | 3.365 | ||
P/2019 A7 (泛星) | 3.19 | 2.68 | 3.103 | ||
P/2020 O1 (萊蒙-泛星) | 2.65 | 2.33 | 3.376 | ||
P/2021 A5 (泛星) | 3.05 | 2.62 | 3.147 |
探索
卡斯塔利亞是一個提議中的太空任務,用機器人探測133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅,並對小行星帶中的水進行首次的"原地"量測,從而幫助解開地球水起源之謎[50]。領導人是來自英國開放大學的科林·斯諾德格拉斯(Colin Snodgrass)。 卡斯塔利亞是在2015年和2016年向歐洲太空總署的宇宙視覺計畫M4和M5兩度提出企劃,但都沒有被選中。團隊仍在持續完善任務概念和科學目標[50]。由於建造時間和軌道動力學的要求,建議發射日期為2028年10月[50]。
OSIRIS-REx在進入近地小行星101955 貝努的繞行軌道後不久,在2019年1月6日,首度觀測到這顆小行星發生粒子拋射事件,導致它被劃分為活躍小行星;這也是太空船首次近距離觀測到小行星的活動。自此次事件之後,它至少觀測到10起其它的此類事件[3]。這些觀測到的質量損失事件規模,比以前用望遠鏡在其它小行星上觀測到的要小得多,表明在活躍小行星上存在質量損失事件量級的連續與統一是一體的 [31]。
相關條目
外部連結
- Henry Hsieh's 主帶彗星,對細節有較詳盡的說明。
- 行星學會在MBCs 的文章。(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 在 MBCs討論主帶彗星和其他彗星在水的特徵上可能有的區別。(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 大衛·朱維特的活躍小行星(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- YouTube 對大衛·朱維特的訪問(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (大約在影帶的第9分鐘有談到主帶彗星)
- 大衛·朱維特觸發撞擊機制的圖。(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Comet-like appearance of (596) Scheila(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Project T3: Finding Comets in the Asteroid Population
- Proper elements of active asteroids at Asteroid Families Portal (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Discussion of possible differences in characteristics of the water in MBCs and other comets (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jewitt, David. The Active Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal. 2012, 143 (3): 66. Bibcode:2012AJ....143...66J. S2CID 45208650. arXiv:1112.5220 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/66.
- Hsieh, Henry H.; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader; Kaluna, Heather M.; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Novaković, Bojan; Jedicke, Robert; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Armstrong, James D.; Duddy, Samuel R.; Lowry, Stephen C.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Micheli, Marco; Keane, Jacqueline V.; Urban, Laurie; Riesen, Timm; Meech, Karen J.; Abe, Shinsuke; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Chen, Wen-Ping; Granvik, Mikael; Grav, Tommy; Ip, Wing-Huen; Kinoshita, Daisuke; Kleyna, Jan; Lacerda, Pedro; Lister, Tim; Milani, Andrea; et al. DISCOVERY OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2006 VW 139 BY Pan-STARRS1. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 748 (1): L15. Bibcode:2012ApJ...748L..15H. S2CID 8693844. arXiv:1202.2126 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/748/1/L15.
- New Comet: P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Remanzacco Observatory : 16 Oct 2012)
- Ferrín, Ignacio; Zuluaga, Jorge; Cuartas, Pablo. The location of Asteroidal Belt Comets (ABCs), in a comet's evolutionary diagram: The Lazarus Comets. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2013, 434 (3): 1821–1837. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.1821F. S2CID 118177774. arXiv:1305.2621 . doi:10.1093/mnras/stt839.
- P/2013 R3: a Main Belt Comet that is breaking apart. J. Licandro (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) New images obtained with the GTC
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 David Jewitt. The Active Asteroids. UCLA, Department of Earth and Space Sciences. [2020-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-21).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Jewitt, David; Hsieh, Henry; Agarwal, Jessica. Michel, P.; et al , 编. The Active Asteroids (PDF). University of Arizona. 2015: 221–241 [2020-01-30]. Bibcode:2015aste.book..221J. ISBN 9780816532131. S2CID 119209764. arXiv:1502.02361 . doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch012. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-30).
|journal=
被忽略 (帮助) - ^ 3.0 3.1 Chang, Kenneth; Stirone, Shannon. The Asteroid Was Shooting Rocks Into Space. 'Were We Safe in Orbit?' - NASA's Osiris-Rex and Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft reached the space rocks they are surveying last year, and scientists from both teams announced early findings on Tuesday (03/19/2019). The New York Times. 19 March 2019 [21 March 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-20).
- ^ Hubble Observes Six Tails from an Unusual Asteroid. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), official YouTube channel for the Hubble Space Telescope. [2014-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-07).
- ^ Hsieh, Henry. 133P/Elst-Pizarro. UH Institute for Astronomy. January 20, 2004 [22 June 2012]. (原始内容存档于26 October 2011).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Henry H. Hsieh. Main Belt Comets. Hawaii. May 2010 [2010-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-06). (older 2010 site) 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2009-08-10.
- ^ Harrington, J.D.; Villard, Ray. RELEASE 14-060 NASA's Hubble Telescope Witnesses Asteroid's Mysterious Disintegration. NASA. 6 March 2014 [6 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-07).
- ^ Hubble witnesses an asteroid mysteriously disintegrating. ESA / HUBBLE. [12 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-12).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 The proposed Caroline ESA M3 mission to a Main Belt Comet[失效連結]. Geraint H. Jones, Jessica Agarwal, Neil Bowles, Mark Burchell, Andrew J. Coates, Alan Fitzsimmons, Amara Graps, Henry H. Hsieh, Carey M. Lisse, Stephen C. Lowry, Adam Masters, Colin Snodgrass, Cecilia Tubiana. Advances in Space Research. 25 February 2018. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2018.02.032
- ^ MPEC 2010-A51 : COMET P/2010 A2 (LINEAR). [2011-05-16]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-26).
- ^ Jewitt, David; Weaver, Harold; Agarwal, Jessica; Mutchler, Max; Drahus, Michal. A recent disruption of the main-belt asteroid P/2010?A2. Nature. 2010, 467 (7317): 817–9. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..817J. PMID 20944743. S2CID 205222567. doi:10.1038/nature09456.
- ^ Snodgrass, Colin; Tubiana, Cecilia; Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; Sierks, Holger; Hviid, Stubbe; Moissl, Richard; Boehnhardt, Hermann; Barbieri, Cesare; et al. A collision in 2009 as the origin of the debris trail of asteroid P/2010?A2. Nature. 2010, 467 (7317): 814–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..814S. PMID 20944742. S2CID 4330570. arXiv:1010.2883 . doi:10.1038/nature09453.
- ^ Hill, R; Bolin, B; Kleyna, J; Denneau, L; Wainscoat, R; Micheli, M; Armstrong, J; Molina, M; Sato, H. CBET #3658 : COMET P/2013 R3 (CATALINA-PANSTARRS). Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams). 2013, 3658: 1 [27 September 2013]. Bibcode:2013CBET.3658....1H. (原始内容存档于2020-09-21).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Licandro, Javier. Main Belt Comet P/2013 R3 is breaking apart. IAC Press Release. [17 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2007-05-17).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Hubble Witnesses Asteroid's Mysterious Disintegration | Science Mission Directorate. [2021-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-07).
- ^ Main-Belt Comets May Have Been Source Of Earths Water (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Space Daily, Mar 23, (2006).
- ^ Tholen, David J.; Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chad A. Evidence for an Impact Event on (493) Griseldis. DPS. November 2015, 47: 414.03. Bibcode:2015DPS....4741403T (英语).
- ^ Bodewits, D.; Kelley, M. S.; Li, J.-Y.; Landsman, W. B.; Besse, S.; A’Hearn, M. F. Collisional Excavation of Asteroid (596) Scheila. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011-05-20, 733 (1): L3. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 54187826. arXiv:1104.5227 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/1/L3.
- ^ Yang, Bin; Hsieh, Henry. Near-Infrared Observations of Comet-Like Asteroid (596) Scheila. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011-08-20, 737 (2): L39. ISSN 2041-8205. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L39 .
- ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader. Optical and Dynamical Characterization of Comet-Like Main-Belt Asteroid (596) Scheila. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-01-01, 744 (1): 9. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15039916. arXiv:1109.3477 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/9.
- ^ Russell, C. T.; Aroian, R.; Arghavani, M.; Nock, K. Interplanetary Magnetic Field Enhancements and Their Association with the Asteroid 2201 Oljato. Science. 1984-10-05, 226 (4670): 43–45. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17815417. S2CID 10618035. doi:10.1126/science.226.4670.43 (英语).
- ^ Jewitt, David; Li, Jing; Agarwal, Jessica. The Dust Tail of Asteroid (3200) Phaethon. The Astrophysical Journal. 17 June 2013, 771 (2): L36. Bibcode:2013ApJ...771L..36J. S2CID 37387069. arXiv:1306.3741 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/771/2/L36.
- ^ Ferrín, Ignacio; Hamanowa, Hiromi; Hamanowa, Hiroko; Hernández, Jesús; Sira, Eloy; Sánchez, Albert; Zhao, Haibin; Miles, Richard. The 2009 Apparition of methuselah comet 107P/Wilson–Harrington: A case of comet rejuvenation?. Planetary and Space Science. September 2012, 70 (1): 59–72. S2CID 118530975. arXiv:1205.6874 . doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.05.022 (英语).
- ^ Fernández, Yanga R.; McFadden, Lucy A.; Lisse, Carey M.; Helin, Eleanor F.; Chamberlin, Alan B. Analysis of POSS Images of Comet–Asteroid Transition Object 107P/1949 W1 (Wilson–Harrington). Icarus. July 1997, 128 (1): 114–126. doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5728 (英语).
- ^ Kleyna, Jan T.; Hainaut, Olivier R.; Meech, Karen J.; Hsieh, Henry H.; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Micheli, Marco; Keane, Jacqueline V.; Denneau, Larry; Tonry, John; Heinze, Aren; Bhatt, Bhuwan C. The Sporadic Activity of (6478) Gault: A YORP-driven Event? (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 2019-04-01, 874 (2): L20 [2021-05-18]. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 85544222. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f40. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-04).
- ^ Sanchez, Juan A.; Reddy, Vishnu; Thirouin, Audrey; Wright, Edward L.; Linder, Tyler R.; Kareta, Theodore; Sharkey, Benjamin. Physical Characterization of Active Asteroid (6478) Gault. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019-08-05, 881 (1): L6. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 196831757. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab31ac. hdl:10150/634151 .
- ^ Chandler, Colin Orion; Kueny, Jay; Gustafsson, Annika; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Robinson, Tyler D.; Trilling, David E. Six Years of Sustained Activity in (6478) Gault. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019-05-22, 877 (1): L12. ISSN 2041-8213. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1aaa .
- ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Jewitt, David C.; Fernández, Yanga R. The Strange Case of 133P/Elst-Pizarro: A Comet among the Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal. May 2004, 127 (5): 2997–3017. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1086/383208 (英语).
- ^ Jewitt, David; Ishiguro, Masateru; Weaver, Harold; Agarwal, Jessica; Mutchler, Max; Larson, Steven. Hubble Space Telescopeinvestigation of Main-Belt Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro. The Astronomical Journal. 2014-04-11, 147 (5): 117. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/117 .
- ^ Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick. Discovery and Characteristics of the Rapidly Rotating Active Asteroid (62412) 2000 Sy178 in the Main Belt. The Astronomical Journal. 2015-01-08, 149 (2): 44. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 56464879. arXiv:1410.1528 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/44.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Lauretta, D. S.; Hergenrother, C. W.; Chesley, S. R.; Leonard, J. M.; Pelgrift, J. Y.; et al. Episodes of particle ejection from the surface of the active asteroid (101955) Bennu (PDF). Science. 6 Dec 2019, 366 (6470): eaay3544 [2021-05-18]. Bibcode:2019Sci...366.3544L. PMID 31806784. S2CID 208764910. doi:10.1126/science.aay3544 . (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31).
- ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Denneau, Larry; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Hainaut, Olivier R.; Ishiguro, Masateru; Jedicke, Robert; Kaluna, Heather M.; Keane, Jacqueline V.; Kleyna, Jan; Lacerda, Pedro; MacLennan, Eric M. Search for the Return of Activity in Active Asteroid 176P/Linear. The Astronomical Journal. 2014-03-14, 147 (4): 89. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/89 .
- ^ Agarwal, Jessica; Jewitt, David; Mutchler, Max; Weaver, Harold; Larson, Stephen. A binary main-belt comet. Nature. September 2017, 549 (7672): 357–359. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28933430. S2CID 4469577. arXiv:1710.03454 . doi:10.1038/nature23892 (英语).
- ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Meech, Karen J.; Pittichová, Jana. Main-Belt Comet 238P/Read Revisited. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011-07-20, 736 (1): L18. ISSN 2041-8205. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L18 .
- ^ Jewitt, David; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader. Main-Belt Comet P/2008 R1 (Garradd). The Astronomical Journal. 2009-05-01, 137 (5): 4313–4321. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4313 .
- ^ Jewitt, David; Agarwal, Jessica; Weaver, Harold; Mutchler, Max; Larson, Stephen. The Extraordinary Multi-Tailed Main-Belt Comet P/2013 P5. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013-11-07, 778 (1): L21. ISSN 2041-8205. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/778/1/L21 .
- ^ Moreno, F.; Licandro, J.; Álvarez-Iglesias, C.; Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Pozuelos, F. Intermittent Dust Mass Loss from Activated Asteroid P/2013 P5 (Panstarrs). The Astrophysical Journal. 2014-01-16, 781 (2): 118. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119298012. arXiv:1312.5895 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/781/2/118.
- ^ Hainaut, O. R.; Boehnhardt, H.; Snodgrass, C.; Meech, K. J.; Deller, J.; Gillon, M.; Jehin, E.; Kuehrt, E.; Lowry, S. C.; Manfroid, J.; Micheli, M. Continued activity in P/2013 P5 PANSTARRS: Unexpected comet, rotational break-up, or rubbing binary asteroid?. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2014, 563: A75. ISSN 0004-6361. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322864 .
- ^ Hui, Man-To; Jewitt, David. Archival Observations of Active Asteroid 313P/Gibbs. The Astronomical Journal. 2015-03-16, 149 (4): 134. ISSN 1538-3881. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/134.
- ^ Jewitt, David; Agarwal, Jessica; Weaver, Harold; Mutchler, Max; Li, Jing; Larson, Stephen. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE ASTEROID 324P/La SAGRA. The Astronomical Journal. 2016-09-06, 152 (3): 77. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 119293534. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/77. hdl:10150/621499 .
- ^ Stevenson, R.; Kramer, E. A.; Bauer, J. M.; Masiero, J. R.; Mainzer, A. K. Characterization of Active Main Belt Object P/2012 F5 (Gibbs): A Possible Impacted Asteroid. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-11-10, 759 (2): 142. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/142 .
- ^ Drahus, Michał; Waniak, Wacław; Tendulkar, Shriharsh; Agarwal, Jessica; Jewitt, David; Sheppard, Scott S. Fast Rotation and Trailing Fragments of the Active Asteroid P/2012 F5 (Gibbs). The Astrophysical Journal. 2015-03-20, 802 (1): L8. ISSN 2041-8213. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/802/1/L8 .
- ^ Jewitt, David; Ishiguro, Masateru; Agarwal, Jessica. Large Particles in Active Asteroid P/2010 A2. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013-01-24, 764 (1): L5. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 37325835. arXiv:1301.2566 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L5.
- ^ Hsieh, Henry H.; Kaluna, Heather M.; Novaković, Bojan; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader; Micheli, Marco; Denneau, Larry; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Jedicke, Robert; Kleyna, Jan; Vereš, Peter. Main-Belt Comet P/2012 T1 (Panstarrs). The Astrophysical Journal. 2013-06-11, 771 (1): L1. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 166874. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/771/1/L1. hdl:1721.1/93906 .
- ^ 45.0 45.1 Jewitt, David; Agarwal, Jessica; Li, Jing; Weaver, Harold; Mutchler, Max; Larson, Stephen. Disintegrating Asteroid P/2013 R3. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014-03-06, 784 (1): L8. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 54680553. arXiv:1403.1237 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/784/1/L8.
- ^ Moreno, F.; Licandro, J.; Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Pozuelos, F. J. Dust Loss from Activated Asteroid P/2015 X6. The Astrophysical Journal. 2016-07-27, 826 (2): 137. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 118558049. arXiv:1605.04802 . doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/137.
- ^ Moreno, F.; Licandro, J.; Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Pozuelos, F. J. Early Evolution of Disrupted Asteroid P/2016 G1 (Panstarrs). The Astrophysical Journal. 2016-07-26, 826 (2): L22. ISSN 2041-8213. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/826/2/L22 .
- ^ 48.0 48.1 Hui (許文韜), Man-To; Jewitt, David; Du (杜辛楠), Xinnan. Split Active Asteroid P/2016 J1 (PANSTARRS). The Astronomical Journal. 2017-03-07, 153 (4): 141. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 118824144. arXiv:1702.02766 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6039.
- ^ Jewitt, David; et al. Active Asteroid P/2017 S5 (ATLAS). The Astronomical Journal. 18 January 2019, 157 (2): 54. Bibcode:2019AJ....157...54J. S2CID 119508428. arXiv:1812.00060 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf563.
- ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Snodgrass, C.; Jones, G.H.; Boehnhardt, H.; Gibbings, A.; Homeister, M.; Andre, N.; Beck, P.; Bentley, M.S.; Bertini, I.; Bowles, N.; Capria, M.T.; Carr, C.; Ceriotti, M.; Coates, A.J.; Della Corte, V.; Donaldson Hanna, K.L.; Fitzsimmons, A.; Gutiérrez, P.J.; Hainaut, O.R.; Herique, A.; Hilchenbach, M.; Hsieh, H.H.; Jehin, E.; Karatekin, O.; Kofman, W.; Lara, L.M.; Laudan, K.; Licandro, J.; Lowry, S.C.; et al. The Castalia mission to Main Belt Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro. Advances in Space Research. 2018, 62 (8): 1947–1976. Bibcode:2018AdSpR..62.1947S. S2CID 55821241. arXiv:1709.03405 . doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.09.011.