內陸太攀蛇

內陸太攀蛇學名Oxyuranns microlepidotus),又名細鱗太攀蛇西陸太攀蛇內陸盾尖吻蛇,屬眼镜蛇科太攀蛇属,是澳大利亞中東部半乾旱地區的特有蛇種。[2]居住在這些地區的土著澳大利亞人稱其為“Dandarabilla”。[3][4]內陸太攀蛇率先於1879年由弗雷德里克·麥科伊(Frederick McCoy)發現並描述,之後又於1882年由威廉·約翰·麥克萊(William John Macleay)發現並描述,但在接下來的90年中,內陸太攀蛇對科學界來說是一個神秘的物種。由於找不到更多的標本,對於該物種的認知直到1972年被重新發現之前基本停滯。[5]

內陸太攀蛇
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行綱 Reptilia
目: 有鳞目 Squamata
亚目: 蛇亚目 Serpentes
科: 眼镜蛇科 Elapidae
属: 太攀蛇属 Oxyuranus
种:
內陸太攀蛇 O. microlepidotus
二名法
Oxyuranus microlepidotus
(McCoy, 1879)
內陸太攀蛇分佈範圍(紅色)

內陸太攀蛇是世界毒性最強的陸棲蛇類。基於小鼠的半數致死量值,它的毒液毒性是迄今為止所有毒蛇中最強的,甚至比海蛇還要強。[6][7][8]人體心臟細胞培養測試表明,內陸太攀蛇具有爬行動物中毒性最大的毒液。[9][10][11]與大多數蛇類不同,內陸太攀蛇的毒液特別適合殺死恆溫動物,所以也是專業的哺乳動物獵手。據估計,被內陸太攀蛇一次咬傷便具有足夠的殺傷力,可以殺死至少100名成年男子,[12][13]並且根據咬傷的性質,如果不進行治療,其有可能在30至45分鐘內殺死人類。[14]

內陸太攀蛇是一種速度極快且敏捷的蛇,能夠以極高的準確度立即攻擊任何物種,經常會在同一次攻擊幅度中發出多次攻擊,[15][16]並且幾乎每次攻擊都能向被攻擊物種植入毒液。[17]

雖然內陸太攀蛇極具毒性且善於攻擊。但與更加激進的海岸太攀蛇相比,內陸太攀蛇通常非常害羞,喜於隱居,[18]性格平靜且更偏向擺脫威脅。[19] 然而如果被激怒、[20]處理不當[21]或在逃跑時被干擾,會進行自衛並攻擊。 [22]此外由於內陸太攀蛇生活在偏遠的地方,很少與人接觸,[23]因此根據其性格與年致人死亡數方面,內陸太攀蛇並不被認為是世界上最致命的蛇。[24]

參考資料

  1. ^ Wilson, S.; Dickman, C.; Hobson, R.; Sanderson, C. Oxyuranus Scutellatus also known as the inland taipan. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T42493150A42493160 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T42493150A42493160.en . 
  2. ^ Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  3. ^ Queensland Snakes . History & Discovery. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  4. ^ Pearn, John; Winkel, Kenneth D. Toxinology in Australia's colonial era: A chronology and perspective of human envenomation in 19th century Australia. Toxicon. December 2006, 48 (7): 726–737. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.027. 
  5. ^ Rediscovery. The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  6. ^ * The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  7. ^ * LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  8. ^ Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake)
  9. ^ Fry, Bryan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (February 08, 2005) Most Venomous页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  10. ^ Seymour, Jamie, World's Worst Venom页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes" National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014
  11. ^ Seymour, Jamie, Venom Death Match页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world" (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  12. ^ * Shorter, Damon. Great Australian bites – Three of the worst页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  13. ^ * Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  14. ^ * Hoy, Tiffany, (July 25, 2012) Gallery: Australia's 10 most dangerous snakes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Australian Geographic retrieved April 02.,2014
  15. ^ * (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014
  16. ^ * Seymour, Jamie, Venom deathmatch页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The snake demonstrates striking multiple times (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  17. ^ ABC News 24 (September 27, 2012) . Teen hospitalised after bite from deadly Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (Quoting Toxicologist, Dr Geoff Isbister页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  18. ^ * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  19. ^ * Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  20. ^ * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  21. ^ * ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  22. ^ Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  23. ^ Aussie Animals.Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  24. ^ * Venomous Snakes. World's Deadliest Snakes – Ranking scale页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Reptile Gardens. Retrieved October 18, 2013.