切爾尼亞霍夫文化

切爾尼亞霍夫文化（英語：Chernyakhov culture）約存在於公元2世紀到公元5世紀，分佈的範圍涵蓋了今烏克蘭、摩爾多瓦、羅馬尼亞和波蘭南部。已經會使用犁和鐮刀，所生產的穀物以小麥、大麥及小米為主，牲畜則是以牛為主，養馬則被限制在開闊的草原地。使用火葬或土葬，土葬時多半將死者頭部朝北，沿南北方向擺放，會使用陶器、鐵器、骨梳、個人飾品等作為陪葬品。

传统约塔兰地区

  哥得兰岛

  维尔巴克文化（英语：Wielbark Culture），3世纪早期

  **切尔尼亚霍夫文化**，4世纪早期

  罗马帝国

參考文獻

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Heather, Peter, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0195159543
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Halsall, Guy, Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521434912
Curta, Florin, The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, C. 500-700, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0521802024
Matthews, John; Heather, Peter, The Goths in the fourth century, Liverpool University Press, 1991, ISBN 0853234264
Heather, Peter J, The Goths, Wiley-Blackwell, 1998, ISBN 0631209328
Kulikowsky, Michael, Rome's Gothic Wars: from the third century to Alaric, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521846331
Buko, Andrzej, The Archeology of Early Medieval Poland. Discoveries-Hypotheses-Interpretations, Brill, 2008, ISBN 9004162305