劳工骑士团
劳工骑士团(英語:Knights of Labor),全称高贵和神圣劳工骑士团(Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor),是19世纪末尤其是1880年代活跃于美国与加拿大[1]的劳工社团,在英国和澳大利亚也有分会[2]。重要领导人是特伦斯·V·鲍德利。劳工骑士团旨在改善工人的社会和文化条件、推动八小时工作制等。在某些时候,劳工骑士团充当工会,与雇主谈判,但一直没有很好的组织或资金。劳工骑士团以组织各性别、种族、熟练和非熟练的劳工为目标,但又支持排华法案。在1880年代中期迅速扩张后,劳工骑士团快速衰落,变回小规模团体。劳工骑士团是美国白人工人阶级的第一个群众组织[3]。
Knights of Labor | |
簡稱 | K of L |
---|---|
成立時間 | 1869年12月28日 |
創始人 | 乌利亚·史密斯·史蒂芬斯、詹姆斯·L·怀特 等人 |
撤销 | 1949年 |
類型 | 组织 |
重要人物 | 特伦斯·V·鲍德利、莱奥诺拉·巴里 |
目標 |
|
劳工骑士团由乌利亚·史密斯·史蒂芬斯于1869年12月28日创立[4],1880年达到28000人,1884年跃升至10万名成员。到1886年极盛时期,会员人数接近80万,20%的美国工人加入[5]。但是其脆弱的组织结构无法适应这一转变。在受到罢工失败、被控暴力,以及干草市场事件有关的诽谤以后,大多数成员在1886-1887年间离开。到1890年最多只剩下10万人。许多人选择加入其他有特定目标的组织,而不是目标广泛的劳工骑士团[5]。1893年恐慌后劳工骑士团重要性明显下降[6]。劳工骑士团一直残存到1949年,直到最后一个50人的支部离开。
起源
1869年,乌利亚·史密斯·史蒂芬斯、詹姆斯·L·怀特和一小群费城裁缝成立了一个名为“劳工骑士团”的秘密社团。1873年美国全国工会解体,工人缺少组织。在1870年代中期的经济萧条期间,该机构开始受到工会和宾夕法尼亚州煤矿工人的欢迎并迅速发展。 1879年,30岁的特伦斯·V·鲍德利接替了斯蒂芬斯,他使劳工骑士团开始展望全国。劳工骑士团是一个对所有工人开放的多元化劳工组织。领导们觉得招募各种背景的成员才能各取所长。成员包括低技能工人、铁路工人、移民和钢铁工人,但是禁止五类人加入:银行家、土地投机者、律师、酒商、赌徒。尽管劳工骑士团在1880年代初期优先招募技术工人,但到1886年的时候慢慢地开始普遍招募各种工人[7]。
发展
随着成员人数的增加,劳工骑士团开始更多地以工会而非秘密社团的形式活动。在1880年代,劳工骑士团在独立工会运动中发挥了巨大作用。支部会议不仅建立合作社,还发起罢工以赢得雇主的让步。劳工骑士团将不同宗教、种族和性别的工人团结在一起。起初,新领袖鲍德利反对罢工,认为罢工是“野蛮的残余”,但劳工骑士团的规模和多样性让地方支部有很大的自主权。
1882年,劳工骑士团取消了入会仪式,并从名字中删除了“高贵神圣”的字样(Noble and Holy Order)。这是为了安抚天主教成员和那些担忧他们与共济会相似的主教。虽然劳工骑士团最初反对罢工作为手段,但协助了各种罢工和抵制行动。1885年的Wabash铁路罢工事件中,鲍德利最终转变态度,支持对铁路大亨傑伊·古爾德发动罢工。事件的起因是一名木匠、劳工骑士团成员 C. A. Hall 参加骑士团会议而被古尔德解雇。罢工行动包括阻断铁轨、停止维修发动机、控制或破坏设备、占领工厂和铁路设施[8]。最终古尔德会见了鲍德利,并同意取消最初引起动荡的反对劳工骑士团的政策。胜利给劳工骑士团带来了动力,会员人数激增。到1886年,拥有超过70万人。
劳工骑士团的主要诉求之一是八小时工作制。他们还呼吁立法终止童工与罪犯的劳役,支持累进所得税。他们还支持建立合作社。唯一在劳工骑士团任职的女性莱奥诺拉·巴里(Leonora Barry)调查并报道了雇用妇女和童工的工厂的可怕情况。这些报告使巴里成为收集美国全国的职业女性统计数据的先驱者[9]。
鲍德利和劳工骑士团尽量避免有争议的政治议题,但在1880年代初期,许多成员认同亨利·乔治的乔治主义的思想。1883年,鲍德利正式推荐了乔治的书,并宣布支持地价“单一税”。在1886年纽约市长选举期间,鲍德利成功推动组织支持乔治竞选[10]。1886年,劳工骑士团成为短命的联合工党的一部分,支持乔治在1886年纽约市市长选举的竞选活动[11]。
种族关系
劳工骑士团帮助各行各业的许多不同背景的人聚集在一起,例如来自爱尔兰的天主教徒和新教徒工人。劳工骑士团之所以吸引爱尔兰工人,因为他们与爱尔兰土地联盟密切合作[12]。劳工骑士团在包容性方面的记录喜忧参半。他们接受妇女和黑人(1878年后)和他们的雇主为成员,并支持黑人加入地方支部会议。然而,骑士团默许南方支部实施种族隔离。在1887年路易斯安那州的蒂博大屠杀中,劳工骑士团组织的大约50名非裔甘蔗采收工人罢工,被工贼杀害。
劳工骑士团支持排华法案,声称资本家利用中国工人作为压低工资的工具。为了阻止资本这样做,骑士团强烈支持通过1882 s年的《排华法案》和1885年的《外国合同劳工法》。许多其他劳工团体也是如此,这表明他们的团结的局限性。虽然他们声称“不反对移民”,但他们的反亚裔种族主义表明了他们反种族主义政治立场的局限性和前后矛盾[13]。反华言论和暴力在骑士团的西部分会中更为普遍。1880年,旧金山分会写道:“他们长得像人,但活得像野兽……吃大米和屠宰场的内脏。”文章还称中国人是“天生的贼”,中国女人都是妓女。1882年3月,劳工骑士参加旧金山游行,要求驱逐中国人。几年后,一些地方支部领导的暴民围捕了西雅图的华裔工人,并发起运动阻止移民。
法案通过后一些成员并不满足,继续袭击中国工人并烧毁他们的工作场所[14]。1885年11月,华盛顿州塔科马的一个支部暴力驱逐了该市的华工,这些华工占当时该市总人口的近十分之一[15]。1885年,怀俄明州的劳工骑士团拒绝延长工作时间。联合太平洋铁路公司雇用中国工人作为工賊并煽动种族仇恨,与劳工骑士团发生冲突,导致了石泉城大屠杀。数十名中国工人丧生,其余人被赶出怀俄明州[16]。
历史学家 Catharine Collomp 指出,“排华是劳工骑士团和美国劳工联合会不断游说联邦政府的唯一问题。”
衰退
1886年劳工骑士团达到顶峰之后,开始有成员转到美国劳工联合会。过去一般意见认为,劳动骑士团的衰退是由于落后于时代变化和对旧式工业资本主义的信仰[17]。
1886年西南铁路大罢工
1886年的西南铁路大罢工是一次涉及超过20万工人的劳工骑士罢工行动。1886年3月1日,五个州的铁路工人对杰伊·古尔德的联合太平洋铁路公司和密苏里太平洋铁路公司发起罢工。至少10人丧生。罢工的失败直接导致了劳工骑士团的瓦解和美国劳工联合会成立[18]。
天主教会
劳工骑士团吸引了许多天主教徒,他们占成员的很大一部分,也许是大多数。 鲍德利也是天主教徒。然而,骑士团早年的与共济会类似的秘密社团作风引起了许多主教的担忧。当时,成员会隐瞒劳工骑士团的身份来防止被解雇。
1884年魁北克大主教谴责骑士团,12位美国大主教以10票对2票反对跟进。此外,红衣主教詹姆斯·吉本斯和主教约翰·爱尔兰为骑士团辩护。吉本斯去梵蒂冈为骑士团辩护[19]。
干草市场事件
19世纪末,八小时工作制成为劳工运动的抗争重点,包括劳工骑士团。他们的口号是“八小时工作,八小时休息,八小时休闲”。劳工运动通过集会和游说议会,与雇主直接对抗。雇主既不接受工会也不认为政府应该代表工人进行干预。
1886年在芝加哥举行的八小时工作制抗争期间,工人与资本的冲突演化为暴力。工人聚集起来抗议工厂,但引来了政府的暴力镇压。芝加哥市警察和工厂警卫打伤、打死了一些罢工者。这引起了工人更大的反抗。5月4日,他们在芝加哥的干草市场广场组织了一场抗议活动。主讲人帕森和奥古斯特·施皮斯离开讲台后,有人向广场上的一群警察投掷炸弹,造成七名警察死亡,六十名抗议者受伤。后来,八名无政府主义者被捕,其中七人被判处死刑。两人被减刑;但路易斯·林格在狱中自杀;其余四人被处决。
干草市场审判对劳工运动产生了两个明显的影响:首先,美国在全国范围开始逮捕无政府主义者;其次,劳工骑士团成员人数急剧下降。鲍德利否认了干草厂八人与劳工骑士团有关。但是美国各地的地方支部都抗议他们的逮捕。1880年代中期组织的快速发展削弱了其团结在一起的纽带,很多新骑士团成员是在西南铁路罢工的胜利以后加入,但不完全理解或接受劳工骑士团的文化。虽然劳工骑士团还会持续运作十多年,但这些组织上的弱点以及新工会的崛起决定了它的衰落[20]。
遗产
劳工骑士团为美国劳工抗议歌曲的传统做出了贡献,尽管经常被忽视。骑士团经常在他们的集会中加入音乐,并鼓励当地成员创作和表演他们的作品。芝加哥的印刷工和骑士团支持者James 和 Emily Talmadge出版了歌曲集《献给劳工骑士团的劳动歌曲》(1885年)。其中歌曲《Hold the Fort》(也称为《Storm the Fort》)改编自同名赞美诗,是拉尔夫卓别林的世界产业工人会歌《永远团结》出现以前最受欢迎的劳动歌曲。 皮特·西格经常演奏这首歌,并且收录在他的许多唱片中。劳工歌手和作词人 Bucky Halker 在他的唱片《不要你的百万钱财》(Don't Want Your Millions)(Revolting Records 2000)中收录了Talmadge的版本,题为《我们的战歌》(Our Battle Song)。Clark D. Halker 在关于劳动歌曲和诗歌的书籍《为了民主、工人和上帝:劳动诗歌和劳动抗议,1865-1895》(For Democracy, Workers, and God. Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-95)中也大量引用了骑士团的歌曲和诗歌[21]。
领导
劳工骑士团的领导职位被称作工人骑士团长(英語:Grand Master Workman),第二顺位的领导职位被称作大工头(英語:Grand Worthy Foreman)。
工人骑士团长
- 1878年:乌利亚·史密斯·史蒂芬斯[22]
- 1879年:特伦斯·V·鲍德利[23]
- 1893年:詹姆斯·索维林[23]
- 1897年:亨利·A·希克斯[23]
- 1898年:约翰·帕森斯[23]
- 1900年:艾萨克·D·张伯伦[23]
- 1900年:西蒙·伯恩斯[23]
- 1901年:亨利·A·希克斯[24]
- 1902年:约翰·海耶斯
大工头
参见
注释
- ^ Gregory S. Kealey and Bryan D. Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880–1900 (1982); Douglas R. Kennedy, The Knights of Labor in Canada (1956).
- ^ Steven Parfitt, "The First-and-a-half International: The Knights of Labor and the History of International Labour Organization in the Nineteenth Century." Labour History Review 80.2 (2015): 135-167.
- ^ Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. Chapter 19 The City and Its Workers: 1870–1900 (Kindle). Combined Volume Value Edition, 8th. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2020. Kindle Locations 14511-14513. ISBN 978-1319208929. OCLC 1096495503.
- ^ Knights of Labor Facts, information, pictures. encyclopedia.com. [May 14, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-21).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Kaufman, Jason. Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners. The Knights of Labor Revisited. 2001, 31 (4): 553–579.
- ^ Kemmerer and Wickersham, (1950)
- ^ Voss, Kim. Labor Organization and Class Alliance: Industries, Communities, and the Knights of Labor. Theory and Society. 1988, 17 (3): 329–364 [2023-05-15]. ISSN 0304-2421. (原始内容存档于2023-03-27).
- ^ Case, Theresa A. Blaming Martin Irons: Leadership and Popular Protest in the 1886 Southwest Strike. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 2009, 8 (1): 51–81 [2023-05-15]. ISSN 1537-7814. (原始内容存档于2023-03-29).
- ^ Whitman, American Reformers, 57.
- ^ Weir, Robert E. A Fragile Alliance: Henry George and the Knights of Labor. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. October 1997, 56 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1997.tb02653.x.
- ^ Genovese, Frank C. Henry George and Organized Labor: The 19th Century Economist and Social Philosopher Championed Labor's Cause, but Used Its Candidacy for Propaganda. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 1991, 50 (1): 113–127 [2023-05-15]. ISSN 0002-9246. JSTOR 3487043. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb02500.x. (原始内容存档于2021-11-07).
- ^ Hallgrimsdottir, Helga; Benoit, Cecilia. From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers. Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880-1900. 2007, 85 (3): 1393–1411.
- ^ Parfitt, Steven. Knights Across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland. Liverpool University Press. : 43.
- ^ Attacks on Chinese Workers, Knights of Labor. 历史频道. [2023-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28) (英语).
- ^ A Radical History of Seattle's International District: A Walking Tour. 2015.
- ^ Craig Storti, Incident at Bitter Creek: The Story of the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre (1990),
- ^ Wheeler, Hoyt. The Future of the American Labor Movement . Cambridge University Press. 2002: 85.
- ^ Theresa A. Case, The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor (Texas A&M University Press, 2010); online review
- ^ James Hennesey, American Catholics, Oxford University Press, 1981, page 188.
- ^ Faue, Elizabeth. Rethinking the American Labor Movement. New York: Routledge. 2017: 22-24. ISBN 9780415895835 (美国英语).
- ^ Halker, Clark D. For Democracy, Workers, and God. Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-95. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0252017476.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 McNeill, George E. The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day (PDF). New York: M. W. Hazen. 1887: 621.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Reports of the Industrial Commission on Labor Organizations, Labor Disputes, and Arbitration, and on Railway Labor. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1901.
- ^ Labor leader is deposed. New York Times. November 17, 1901.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 The Samuel Gompers Papers. University of Illinois Press. 1986. ISBN 9780252033896.
延伸阅读
学术研究
- Birdsall, William C. The Problem of Structure in the Knights of Labor. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. July 1953, 6 (4): 532–546. JSTOR 2518795. doi:10.2307/2518795.
- Blum, Edward J. " 'By the Sweat of Your Brow': The Knights of Labor, the Book of Genesis, and the Christian Spirit of the Gilded Age." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 11.2 (2014): 29–34.
- Browne, Henry J. The Catholic Church and the Knights of Labor. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1949.
- Case, Theresa A. The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor (Texas A&M University Press, 2010); online review, on 1886
- Cassity, Michael J. Modernization and Social Crisis: The Knights of Labor and a Midwest Community, 1885-1886. Journal of American History. June 1979, 66 (1): 41–61. JSTOR 1894673. doi:10.2307/1894673.
- Commons, John R. et al., History of Labour in the United States: Volume 2, 1860-1896. (4 vol 1918). vol 2
- Conell, Carol, and Kim Voss. "Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements: Craft Association and Class Alliance in the Knights of Labor," American Sociological Review Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 255–269 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), focus on steel industry
- de Leon, Cedric. "Black from white: How the rights of white and black workers became 'labor' and 'civil' rights after the US civil war." Labor Studies Journal 42.1 (2017): 10–26. online[永久失效連結]
- Fink, Leon. "The New Labor History and the Powers of Historical Pessimism: Consensus, Hegemony, and the Case of the Knights of Labor," Journal of American History Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 115–136 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), historiography
- Fink, Leon. Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. online
- Grob, Gerald N. "The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878-1886," Journal of Economic History Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 176–192 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Hild, Matthew. Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists: Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South (U of Georgia Press, 2010).
- Hild, Matthew. "Building the Alabama Labor Movement: Nicholas Byrne Stack and the Knights of Labor." Alabama Review 73.2 (2020): 91–117.
- Hild, Matthew. "The Knights of Labor and the Third-Party Movement in Texas, 1886–1896." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 119.1 (2015): 24–43. online
- Hoffman, Richard C. "Producer co-operatives of the Knights of Labor: seeking worker independence." Labor History (2022): 1–19.
- Kessler, Sidney H. The Organization of Negroes in the Knights of Labor. Journal of Negro History. July 1937, 37 (3): 248–276. JSTOR 2715493. S2CID 149648934. doi:10.2307/2715493.
- Kaufman, Jason. "Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners: The Knights of Labor Revisited," Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring, 2001), pp. 553–579 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) statistical study of competition with other unions and with fraternal societies for members
- Kemmerer, Donald L.; Edward D. Wickersham. Reasons for the Growth of the Knights of Labor in 1885-1886. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. January 1950, 3 (2): 213–220. JSTOR 2518830. doi:10.2307/2518830.
- Keohane, Jennifer. " 'Labor is Noble and Holy': Ironic Inclusion and Exclusion in the Knights of Labor, 1885-1890." Rhetoric Review 38.3 (2019): 311–324. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Levine, Susan. "Labor's True Woman: Domesticity and Equal Rights in the Knights of Labor," Journal of American History Vol. 70, No. 2 (Sep., 1983), pp. 323–339 in JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Levine, Susan. True Women: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
- Licht, Walter; Kealey, Gregory; Palmer, Bryan; Fink, Leon. The Knights of Labor Commemorated and Reconsidered: : Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900; Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Summer 1985, 16 (1): 117–123. JSTOR 204327. doi:10.2307/204327.
- Miner, Claudia. The 1886 Convention of the Knights of Labor. Pylon. 1983, 44 (2): 147–159. JSTOR 275026. doi:10.2307/275026.
- McLaurin, Melton Alonza. The Knights of Labor in the South. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
- Phelan, Craig. Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor (Greenwood, 2000), scholarly biography online edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Taussig, Frank W. "The South-Western Strike of 1886." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1.2 (1887): 184–222; detailed coverage by a leading scholar; online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. Sociological study. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860 - 1895: A Study In Democracy. (1929).
- Weir, Robert E. Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor. (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996) online edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Weir, Robert E. (1997). A fragile alliance: Henry George and the Knights of Labor[永久失效連結]. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 56, 421–439.
- Weir, Robert E. Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement (Wayne State University Press, 2000)
- White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America . W. W. Norton & Company. 2011. ISBN 978-0-393-06126-0.
- Wright, Carroll D. "An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor," Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168. in JSTOR
美国以外
- Arvidsson, Stefan The style and mythology of socialism: socialist idealism, 1871-1914. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017.
- Kealey, Gregory, and Brian Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
- Parfitt, Steven. Knights Across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland (2017) contents (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) also see online review (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Parfitt, Steven. "A nexus between labour movement and labour movement: the Knights of Labor and the financial side of global labour history." Labor History 58.3 (2017): 288–302.
- Parfitt, Steven. "Transnational Borrowings: Scottish Sons of Labour and American Knights of Labor, 1887–1890." Labour History Review 85.2 (2020): 127–157.
- Parfitt, Steven. "The First-and-a-half International: The Knights of Labor and the History of International Labour Organization in the Nineteenth Century." Labour History Review 80.2 (2015): 135–167.
- Parfitt, Steven. "Completing the Order’s History Down Under: The Knights of Labor in Australia." Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History 110 (2016): 1–18.
- Parfitt, Steven. "Constructing the Global History of the Knights of Labor." Labor 14.1 (2017): 13–37.
- Pelling, Henry. The Knights of Labor in Britain, 1880-1901. Economic History Review. 1956,. 9 (new series) (2): 313–331. JSTOR 2591749. doi:10.2307/2591749., shows that American workers in the window glass industry set up an English chapter in 1884 to watch the business in Europe; it remained small
- Toth, Gyorgy. "Knights across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland." (2019): 151–156.
- Watillon, Leon. and Frederic Meyers, The Knights of Labor in Belgium. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. Also in partial translation by Frederic Meyers, Institute of Industrial Relations, Los Angeles, 1959: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003t812j/?brand=oac4 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
主要来源
由骑士团自身出版
- Knights of Labor. Proceedings of the General Assembly, 10th - 30th (microfilm). Library of American civilization. 1887–1913 [2023-05-15]. LAC 23217-20. (原始内容存档于2017-05-10).
- Knights of Labor. Record of the proceedings of the General Assembly, 1st - 9th (microfilm). Library of American civilization. 1878–1886 [2023-05-15]. LAC 23214-16. (原始内容存档于2017-05-10).
- Powderly, Terence Vincent. Thirty Years of Labor. 1859-1889. Excelsior publishing house. 1889: 693.
Terence Vincent Powderly.
- Powderly, Terence Vincent. Thirty Years of Labor. 1859-1889. Excelsior publishing house. 1889: 693.
Terence Vincent Powderly.
- Powderly, Terence Vincent; Edmund Janes James. The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day. The M. W. Hazen Company. 1891: 628.
Terence Vincent Powderly.
- Powderly, Terence Vincent. The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day; Chapter XV: The History of the Knights of Labor. 1891: 397–428.
Terence Vincent Powderly.
- Powderly, Terence Vincent. The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day; Chapter XV: The History of the Knights of Labor. 1891: 397–428.
- Powderly, Terence Vincent; John Williams Hayes. John A. Turcheneske Jr , 编. Terence Vincent Powderly Papers 1864-1937 and John Williams Hayes Papers 1880-1921, The Knights of Labor. 1891: 109 reels.
- William Baillie Baird papers (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), at the University of Maryland libraries. Baird was a commissioned organizer of the Knights of Labor.
由他人出版
- A.C. Dunham, "The Knights of Labor," New Englander and Yale Review, vol. 45, no. 195 (June 1886), pp. 490–498.
- John Stephens Durham, "The Labor Unions and the Negro," Atlantic Monthly, vol. 81, no. 484 (February 1898), pp. 222–231.
- Henry George, "The New Party," North American Review, vol. 145, no. 368 (July 1887), pp. 1–8.
- Rufus Hatch, "The Labor Crisis," North American Review, vol. 142, no. 355 (June 1886), pp. 602–607.
- Richard J. Hinton, "American Labor Organizations," North American Review, vol. 140, no. 338 (January 1885), pp. 48–63.
- M.E.J. Kelley, "Women and the Labor Movement, North American Review, vol. 166, no. 497 (April 1898), pp. 408–418.
- George Frederic Parsons, "The Labor Question," Atlantic Monthly, vol. 58, no. 345 (July 1886), pp. 97–113.
- Carroll D. Wright, "An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor," Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168.
外部链接
- 1878年劳工骑士团大会记录(英文)
- Select Bibliography of Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor,存档于互联网档案馆(存檔日期 February 13, 2009)(英文)
- Knights of Labor. 新国际百科全书. 1905.(英文)