塞尔克南人种族灭绝
塞尔克南人种族灭绝是指火地群岛的原住民部落塞尔克南人在19世纪末至20世纪初遭到的种族灭绝事件。史学家估计，整场种族灭绝共历时10至20年，导致塞尔克南部落人口从1880年代的大约4000人减少至1900年代初期的几百人[1]。
19世纪末，在智利和阿根廷政府的支持下，欧洲和南美洲的畜牧公司开始在大火地岛上建立大型牧场，再加上火地群岛淘金潮的影响，岛上的原住民流离失所，生活遭受严重影响。由于外來者和原住民之间爆发了暴力冲突，来自欧洲和南美洲其他地方的猎人、牧场工人、金矿工人以及士兵开始对塞尔克南人展开种族灭绝[2][3]。
畜牧公司雇佣其员工或第三方猎人来猎杀或抓捕塞尔克南人。智利和阿根廷军队也参与了种族灭绝，並袭击塞尔克南人。首先受到影响的是生活在大火地岛北部的塞尔克南人，他们之后被迫南迁，进入岛屿南部的不适宜放牧牲畜的林区。最终，阿根廷和智利政府向天主教修会组织慈幼會颁发土地补助金，后者建立了数个传教组织，試圖向余下的塞尔克南人傳播天主教，余下的塞尔克南人又被遣送到了道森島上。至1930年，只剩100名左右的塞尔克南人存活[4]。
参考文献
- ^ Gigoux 2022，第1–2頁.
- ^ Odone, Carolina; Palma, M. [The death exhibited photographs of Julius Popper in Tierra del Fuego] 使用
|trans-title=需要含有|title=(帮助). Mason, Peter; Odone, Carolina (编). 12 Miradas: Ensayos sobre los pueblos patagonicos [12 Looks: Essays on the Patagonian peoples]. Culturas de Patagonia （西班牙语）., cited in Mason, Peter. The Lives of Images. Reaktion Books. 2002: 153. ISBN 9781861891143. - ^ Ray 2007，第80頁.
- ^ Chapman 2010，第544頁.
- Adelaar, Willem. South America. Moseley, Christopher (编). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 3rd Revised. UNESCO. 2010: 86–94. ISBN 978-9231040962.
- Azócar-Avendaño, Alonso; Nitrihual-Valdebenito, Luis; Flores-Chávez, Jaime. La Patagonia en postales fotográficas: Misioneros salesianos y construcción de imaginarios sobre selk'nam, kaweskar y yámanas entre 1880 y 1920 [Patagonia in photographic postcards: Salesian missionaries and construction of imaginary about Selk'nam, kaweskar, and yámana between 1880 and 1920]. Arte, Individuo y Sociedad. 2012, 25 (2): 271–288. ISSN 1131-5598. doi:10.5209/rev_ARIS.2013.v25.n2.39040 （西班牙语）.
- Casali, Romina. Contacto Interétnico en el Norte de Tierra de Fuego: Primera Aproximación a Las Estrategias de Resistencia Selk'nam [Interethnic Contact in the North of Tierra del Fuego: First Approach to Selk'nam Resistance Strategies]. Magallania. 2008, 36 (2): 45–61. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442008000200003 （西班牙语）.
- Chapman, Anne. European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin 1st. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0521513791.
- Furlong, Charles W. Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the Fuegians, Comprising Nomenclature, Etymology, Philology, and Populations. Geographical Review (Taylor & Francis). March 1917, 3 (3): 169–187. JSTOR 207659. doi:10.2307/207659.
- Gigoux, Carlos. "Condemned to Disappear": Indigenous Genocide in Tierra del Fuego (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 2022, 24 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1853359. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于3 June 2024）.
- Gilbert, Jérémie. Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights. Routledge. 2014: 23. ISBN 978-0415526968.
- Harambour, Alberto. 'There Cannot be Civilisation and Barbarism on the Island': Civilian-driven Violence and the Genocide of the Selk'nam People of Tierra del Fuego. Adhikari, Mohamed (编). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. 2019a: 165–187. ISBN 9781003015550. doi:10.4324/9781003015550-7. （原始内容存档于21 November 2023）.
- Lastra-Bravo, Javier. The resurgence of the Selk'nam. Dynamics of ethnoheterogenesis, ethnicity, and legal recognition in the Tierra del Fuego. Runas: Journal of Education & Culture. 2021, 2 (4): e21038. ISSN 2737-6230. doi:10.46652/runas.v2i4.38
. - Lothrop, Samuel Kirkland. The Indians of Tierra del Feugo. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian X. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 1928.
- Olivares, Fernanda; Schattke, Constanze; Molina, Hema'ny; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine. Re-telling the story of Selk'nam ancestors: From Karokynká/Tierra del Fuego to Austria. Human Remains and Violence. 2023, 9 (1): 49–69. doi:10.7227/HRV.9.1.4 .
- Prieto, Alfredo. The Struggle for Social Life in Fuego Patagonia. Chacon, Edward (编). Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence. University of Arizona Press. 2007: 213. ISBN 978-0816525270.
- Ray, Leslie. Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile. Copenhagen: IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). 2007. ISBN 978-879156337-9 –通过Google Books.
- Spears, John. The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn: A study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. New York. 1895. ISBN 9-7805-4834-724-9.
