张尔昌
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张尔昌（Gladstone Charles Fletcher Porteous，1874年—1944年11月），是一位澳洲籍新教传教士，於1904年被中國內地會派往中国云南传教。他是一位專業《聖經》譯者，設計了彝语北部方言的拼音字母，並將《新約聖經》譯成數個中國方言版本。[1][2][3][4][5]
早期生涯
张尔昌原名格拉德斯通·查尔斯·弗莱彻·波蒂厄斯（Gladstone Charles Fletcher Porteous），在澳洲维省的卡根漢姆镇（Carngham）的一个英国移民家庭出生。他的父亲约翰·邓普西-波蒂厄斯（John Dempsey-Porteous）是携妻帶子从苏格兰格拉斯哥迁来的。[6]
洒普山
张尔昌青年时加入了英国内地会，並在位于墨尔本郊区里奇蒙的里霍博斯傳教士學院（Rehoboth Missionary College）接受培训。之後，张尔昌受内地会派遣，于1904年10月抵达廣州。於1906年，被內地會指派到雲南武定县洒普山傳教，張爾昌於大約1915年抵達洒普山。在此期間，張爾昌一邊學習中文，一邊憑藉著醫學知識和帶來的醫學儀器，爲當地苗人治病。[7]他的朋友們都稱张尔昌為「格拉迪」波蒂厄斯（"Gladdie" Porteous）。[8]
撒老坞
1920年，張爾昌從洒普山輾轉到禄劝县撒营盘镇的撒老坞村（又叫撒老乌或上罗婺），创办了纳苏颇（彝族的一支）教会撒老坞总堂（也叫撒老乌总堂）。在撒老坞期间，张尔昌学会一口流利的纳苏颇彝语。在苗人信徒李發獻等人协助下，张尔昌利用柏格理苗文字母，創製了一套柏格理彝文（也叫黑彝文），並將《聖經·新約》全书翻譯成此种彝文，供纳苏颇彝族教会使用。而後他又翻譯了幾首讚美詩。[9]
後來，张尔昌和米妮·波蒂厄斯（Minnie Porteous）結婚，並育有三名子女：露絲·凱瑟琳（Ruth Catherine）、克莉絲汀·奧利弗（Christine Olive）和斯坦利·約翰（Stanley John，二戰期間在澳大利亞皇家空軍時戰死）。[10]
死亡
於1944年11月10日，70歲的張爾昌因斑疹傷寒病發，死于撒老坞，葬于撒老坞总堂旁。當地教會成員為他豎立了一塊墓碑，而其中的成員事後描述製作墓碑時的情況：
| “ | 「我們的父親去世時，一塊大石板被人們切開，而人們則透過使用令人筋疲力盡，但成效令人驚訝的磨石方法來將大石板的表面拋光。然後，牧師在大石板上鑿上由三種語言組成的碑文—英文、彝文和中文，而石頭則被豎立在這些基督徒的墳墓上。"[11] | ” |
在张尔昌逝世時，已有約2萬名彝族人成為了新教徒。現在，約有4萬名彝族人是新教徒。[12]其墓碑在文化大革命時遭到破壞，而文革後當地人重新豎立了另一塊墓碑。[13][14]
参考
- ^ Annual Report of the American Bible Society (American Bible Society, 1949) p. 133 "Gladstone Porteous – Mr. Porteous had completed the translation of the Nasu New Testament before Pearl Harbor and had it accepted by the China Bible House for publication. Only the first page of the manuscript was actually in the hands."
- ^ The Tai Race, Elder Brother of the Chinese, ed. William Clifton Dodd, Isabella Ruth Eakin Dodd (1996) "A call was sent out by Mr. Gladstone Porteous, from Wutingchow, Yunnan. It was addressed to 'The Presbyterian Laos Mission, Bangkok, Siam,' and in due time it came to me."
- ^ Among the Tribes in South-west China, Samuel R. Clarke (1984) p. 315 "Mr. Nicholls and Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone Porteous are kept very busy in the work. Difficulties many, and dangers not a few, beset the path. The Miao are low in the social scale. The landlords of their miserably barren farms are Chinese."
- ^ Marshall Broomhall The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission (China Inland Mission, 1915) p. 386 "In Yunnan Mr. Nicholls, who lost his wife in 1903, has had as colleagues Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone Porteous, Mr. G.E. Metcalf, and more recently Mr. and Mrs. Gowman."
- ^ 高漫 - 华人基督教史人物辞典 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 撒普山在云南府（今昆明市）以北，接近山区的一个村寨。1907年，郭秀峯教士（Arthur G. Nicholls）和张尔昌教士夫妇（Mr. & Mrs. Gladstone Porteous）在此地建立了
- ^ China's Millions (China Inland Mission, Council for North America, 1906) "Nichols has had a new worker, Mr. Gladstone Porteous, from Australia, join him in the work at the south gate during the quarter. Mr. Porteous is now studying the language there, and giving such help as he can in the work."
- ^ Lachlan Strahan Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s. p. 111.
- ^ Elinor Violet May Cook, Fijian Diary, 1904–1906: A Young Australian Woman's Account, 1996, p. 189 "Gladdie – Gladstone Porteous was an old friend of the Cook family who shared with them keen interest in missions. He himself served with the China lnland Mission."
- ^ Joakim Enwall A Myth become Reality: History and Development of the Miao written language. Institute of Oriental Languages (Stockholm University, 1995) p. 241.
- ^ 张尔昌简介 云南苗族基督教网 2010年8月13日 张尔昌（Gladstone Porteous 1874–1944). 英籍澳大利亚人，基督教内地会传教士。1874年生于澳大利亚，1904年10月到中国传教，先在广州，1915年左右到 ... "
- ^ A Tribute from a Friend, quoted in biography of Gladstone Porteous by Ruth Porteous Bailey and Christine Porteous, in The Porteous Story, 1975, Porteous Associates.
- ^ 近代西南少数民族语言圣经翻译出版考述 - 原创代写论文网 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-07-18. 2010年5月6日... Hanson)等创制了景颇文;美国浸礼会传教士永文生(Vincent Young)创制了拉祜文、佤文;英籍澳大利亚传教士张尔昌(Gladstone Porteous)等创制了彝文。
- ^ Chinese language travel blog with photos of chapel and road to the grave. [2013-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-06）.
- ^ 撒营盘镇人文地理 - 雲南政府官方網站[失效連結] 2007年11月29日 ... 禄劝彝族苗族自治县撒营盘镇数字乡村新农村建设信息网 ... 回国，改革开放后，张尔昌夫妇和外籍外教士的子孙陆继回到撒营盘镇的撒老坞村委会，并与镇 ...
參考書目
- Annual report of the American Bible Society (American Bible Society, 1949), p. 133.
- Bailey, Ruth Porteous, and Porteous, Christine. Gladstone Porteous – China Missionary. In The Porteous Story, Porteous Associates, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1975), p. 190.
- Broomhall, Marshall. The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission. (China Inland Mission, 1915), p. 386.
- China's Millions (China Inland Mission, October 1904; 1906).
- Clarke, Samuel R. Among the Tribes in South-West China (China Inland Mission, 1911), p. 315.
- Cook, Elinor Violet May. Fijian diary, 1904–1906: A Young Australian Woman's Account (1996), p. 189.
- Enwall, Joakim. A myth becomes Reality: History and Development of the Miao Written Language (Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, 1995), p. 241.
- Lo, Jacqueline. Writing Home, Chinese Australian Perspectives (Centre for the Southern Chinese Diaspora, Division of Pacific and Asian History, The Australian National University, 2000), p. 39.
- Sang, Ye (ed.). China Candid: The People on the People's Republic (University of California Press, 2006), p. 212.
- Strahan, Lachlan. Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 111.