扎穆科语系

扎穆科语系是分布在巴拉圭(查科省东北部)和玻利维亚(圣克鲁斯省)的语系

扎穆科语系
Samúkoan
地理分佈巴拉圭玻利维亚
谱系学分类世界主要语系之一
分支
Glottologzamu1243[1]

语言学家很少研究这个语系(as of Adelaar & Muysken 2004),尽管最近有些新研究发表(参见:Bertinetto 2009, 2010, 2013;Ciucci 2007/08, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2013a, 2013b)。最近的研究显示扎穆科语系语言有种罕见的句法特征:副从属结构,即合作与从属关系同时用于连接从句(Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012)。

现存语言

扎穆科语系有两种活语言:

基因联系

据扎穆科语民族的历史记录,现存扎穆科语言似乎曾有过一些亲属语言。并不清楚它们是否必然是不同的语言,Mason (1950)[2]:157–317给出的表如下:[3]:3–5

  • 北部语族
    • 扎穆科语支:扎穆科语、Satienyo (Zatieño, Ibiraya)
    • Morotoco (Coroino)
      • Cucarate (Kukutade)
      • Orebate (Ororebate); Carerá
      • Panono (Panana)
      • Tomoeno
    • Guarañoca [可能是扎穆科语一种方言]: Tsiracua (Empelota); Mora (remnants of Morotoco and Guarañoca)
    • Ugaraño
    • Tapii (Tapio)
    • Poturero (Ninaquiguilá)
  • 南部语族
    • 查玛科科语支:Ebidoso、Horio (Ishira)、Tumerehã
    • Imono
    • Tunacho (Tunaca)
    • Caipotorade

词汇

切斯特米尔·劳科特卡 (1968)列举了下列扎穆科语系语言基础词。[4]

词义 扎穆科语 Ayoré Guarañoca Poturero Morotoco Siracua 查玛科科语 Ebidoso Tumrahá
1 chomara choxmára chumana chumana sumara somraha tohok tonhok
2 gar gáre gar ogar gapebe osia eshara osia
3 gadiok gadok adiska oagadioka gaedopebe aorliet pelpe ahriet-tohok
ya-toitak ya-toi ya-toita ya-todo ya-tod hoté hote ho
ye-doi yeː-do ye-dodia ye-doy ye-do dlyóki-dodye as-lo erupi ulu
ya-gorone yã-gorone ya-noenia ya-goroné ya-gorod dlyóki-goroni parhi áhre ahri
ya-retia ya-reta ya-retia ya-et árhik orahü kéhrik
yod yot yodita yod yod nio niogo niodat
piok piok piok piok pioko pió erhü erhúe naúsere
kukarat kukarat kukanane kukaranay kukarad kukáni kukret' ostrp kukáni
giede guéde guede hiédé giede géte deit'y dei yite
玉米 guehena gueːxnai guexa guehena gueda géshna taguri takurü taugre

参考

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Zamucoan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Mason, John Alden. The languages of South America. Steward, Julian (编). Handbook of South American Indians 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: 史密森尼学会, 美国民族学局第143期公报. 1950. 
  3. ^ Fabre 2007
  4. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 1968. 

书目

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del laboratorio di Linguistica 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2010). How the Zamuco languages dealt with verb affixes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 9,1 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2013). Ayoreo (Zamuco) as a radical tenseless language. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2007/08). Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 7 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL07_08.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2009). Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010a). La flessione possessiva dell’ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010b). La flessione possessiva del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013a). Inflectional morphology in the Zamucoan languages. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013b). Chamacoco lexicographical supplement. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>)
  • Fabre, Alain. (por aparecer, 2005). Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas, cuarta parte: Los zamuco. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Ulrich, M.; Ulrich, R. (2000). Diccionario Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco) - Español, Español - Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco). Asuncion: Misión a Nuevas Tribus Paraguay.

外部链接