普爾曼大罷工

1894年美国铁路系统罢工事件

普爾曼大罷工是美國在1894年5月11日的全國性鐵路罷工行動,從而影響美國勞動法。其中美國鐵路工會英语American Railway Union不滿經營鐵路運輸的普爾曼公司英语Pullman Company對立,而美國總統格羅弗·克里夫蘭領導的美國聯邦政府也介入其中。衝突起源於5月11日,近4,000名普爾曼公司僱員因為工資調降,而在芝加哥普爾曼英语Pullman, Chicago發動野貓罷工。不過最終罷工和抵制行動,迫使密西根州底特律以西的大部分貨運和客運都無法運作。

普爾曼大罷工
在普爾曼大罷工期間,美國鐵路工會成員與伊利諾州陸軍國民警衛隊英语Illinois Army National Guard部隊對峙。
日期1894年5月11日
地點
 美国芝加哥普爾曼英语Pullman, Chicago爆發,後來遍及全國。
目標承認
方法罷工抗議示威
結果行動失敗
衝突方
美國鐵路工會英语American Railway Union
鐵路工人
領導人物
人數
250,000人
12,000人
傷亡人數
死亡人數:30人
受傷人數:57人

參見

參考文獻

  • Cleveland, Grover. The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 [1904]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1913.
  • DeForest, Walter S. The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike: An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973.
  • Ginger, Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene V. Debs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.
  • Hirsch, Susan Eleanor. After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
  • Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
  • Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," American Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272–289 in JSTOR页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Nevins, Allan Nevins. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. (1933) pp. 611–28
  • Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
  • Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8(1): 83–109 27p.
  • Salvatore, Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
  • Schneirov, Richard, et al. (eds.) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
  • Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
  • Winston, A.P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 4 (Sept. 1901), pp. 540–561. In JSTOR页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Wish, Harvey. "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3 pp. 288–312 in JSTOR页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

外部連結