經血過多
經血過多(Menorrhagia)描述女性在月經期間經血量過多的情形,屬於功能失调性子宫出血的一種[1]。
經血過多 | |
---|---|
类型 | 功能失调性子宫出血、reproductive system symptom[*] |
分类和外部资源 | |
醫學專科 | 婦科學 |
ICD-11 | GA20.50 |
ICD-10 | N92.0 |
eMedicine | 255540 |
非正常的子宮出血可能肇因於生殖道結構異常、無排卵、出血疾病、激素分泌異常(如甲狀腺素過低),或生殖道癌症。
治療方法依潛在原因、嚴重度。及對生活的影響程度決定[2]。治療初期常使用避孕藥調整,若症狀無法改善,則可以考慮手術治療[3]。約每1000名女性就有53名有功能失调性子宫出血的問題[4]。
症狀及徵象
正常月經週期約在21至35天之間,經期平均約5天,總出血量約為25至80 ml 之間。當單次經期總出血量超過 80 ml 時即稱經血過多[1]。但臨床上實際的經血量並不好評估,通常以兩小時內一片衛生棉或一條衛生棉條完全滲濕為標準。若經血量已干擾日常生活品質,也可以視為經血過多[5]。
貧血為經血過多的併發症,也可能以初始症狀表現。貧血會使患者虛弱、疲倦,以及呼吸急促。可以進行血液檢查以利診斷[5]。
病因
經血過多通常無法找到病因,大多採取症狀治療。下表列出目前已知可能造成不正常子宮出血的原因,必須事先排除:
考量
診斷
診斷需依據理學檢查、超音波診斷,以及完整藥物史判斷。如果必要可安排實驗室檢查或子宮鏡檢查。以下列表列出可以協助醫師診斷的方法:
治療
如果沒有排除惡性腫瘤的可能性,不建議開始進行治療。未經評估過的經驗療法可能導致忽略惡性腫瘤。如能找出原因,治療需針對根本原因下手。初潮和更年期若有經血過多的情形,可再繼續觀察,日後可能會自行改善。
若出血情形不嚴重,僅需再檢查是否有惡性病變可能,若有貧血情形可補充口服鐵劑[1]。
經血過多一般由避孕藥等激素治療,特別是初潮或更年期前後的出血症狀。一般來說,复合口服避孕药或純黃體素可以服用幾個月。但更長期的治療可考慮注射長效性醋酸甲羥孕酮,或置入含黃體素的子宮內避孕器[8][9]。子宮肌瘤也可以使用賀爾蒙治療,但若沒有效果,則可以考慮手術摘除。
口服傳明酸最多可減輕50%的出血[10]。可與前文提到的激素類藥物合併使用[11]。
抗發炎藥物如NSAID等可以使用。NSAID為有卵月經出血過多的第一線用藥,可減少20-46%的經血量[12]。此類藥品僅建議在月經來的五天給予,以避免消化不良等副作用[13]。
子宮切除術可完全根除經血過多的情形,過去常發生的深静脉血栓風險已大幅下降。經陰道子宮切除術比起過往的經腹手術能大幅減少不適恢復時間,然而子宮肌瘤可能造成子宮過大,若小型的肌瘤可執行局部切除。現今則有子宮內膜燒灼術[14]。
在英國,因經血過多執行的子宮切除術比例已大幅下降[15]。可能是因為子宮內膜燒灼術和含黃體素的子宮內避孕器的發展[16][17]。
藥物
本用藥指引來自英國英國國家健康與照顧卓越研究院(NICE):[6]
- 第一線
- 第二線
- 第三線
- 其他選擇
手術
參見
- 經期不規則合併經血過多(Menometrorrhagia)
- 亂經(Metrorrhagia)
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Munro, Malcolm G.; Critchley, Hilary O. D.; Broder, Michael S.; Fraser, Ian S.; FIGO Working Group on Menstrual Disorders. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2011-04, 113 (1): 3–13 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 1879-3479. PMID 21345435. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011. (原始内容存档于2022-02-26).
- ^ Practice Bulletin No. 136: Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Associated With Ovulatory Dysfunction. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013-07, 122 (1): 176–185. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 23787936. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000431815.52679.bb (英语).
- ^ Marjoribanks, Jane; Lethaby, Anne; Farquhar, Cindy. Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group , 编. Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016-01-29. PMC 7104515 . PMID 26820670. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003855.pub3 (英语).
- ^ Kjerulff, K H; Erickson, B A; Langenberg, P W. Chronic gynecological conditions reported by US women: findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1984 to 1992.. American Journal of Public Health. 1996-02, 86 (2): 195–199 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1380327 . PMID 8633735. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.2.195. (原始内容存档于2022-01-14) (英语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Approach to abnormal uterine bleeding in nonpregnant reproductive-age women. www.uptodate.com. [2017-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 CG44 Heavy menstrual bleeding: Understanding NICE guidance (PDF). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK). 24 January 2007 [2017-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-11).
- ^ Weeks, A. D. Menorrhagia and hypothyroidism. BMJ. 2000-03-04, 320 (7235): 649–649. PMC 1117669 . PMID 10698899. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7235.649.
- ^ Kaunitz, Andrew M.; Meredith, Susanna; Inki, Pirjo; Kubba, Ali; Sanchez-Ramos, Luis. Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System and Endometrial Ablation in Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009-05, 113 (5): 1104–1116. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 19384127. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a1d3ce (英语).
- ^ Jensen, Jeffrey T.; Parke, Susanne; Mellinger, Uwe; Machlitt, Andrea; Fraser, Ian S. Effective Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding With Estradiol Valerate and Dienogest: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2011-04, 117 (4): 777–787. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 21422847. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182118ac3 (英语).
- ^ Bonnar, J.; Sheppard, B. L. Treatment of menorrhagia during menstruation: randomised controlled trial of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and tranexamic acid. BMJ. 1996-09-07, 313 (7057): 579–582. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2352023 . PMID 8806245. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7057.579 (英语).
- ^ Lukes, Andrea S.; Moore, Keith A.; Muse, Ken N.; Gersten, Janet K.; Hecht, Bryan R.; Edlund, Måns; Richter, Holly E.; Eder, Scott E.; Attia, George R. Tranexamic Acid Treatment for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010-10, 116 (4): 865–875. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 20859150. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f20177 (英语).
- ^ Lethaby, Anne; Duckitt, Kirsten; Farquhar, Cindy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013-01-31, (1): CD000400 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 23440779. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000400.pub3. (原始内容存档于2022-02-09).
- ^ A Shaw, Julia. Menorrhagia Treatment & Management. Medscape. 2014-09-29 [2015-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-04).
- ^ Lethaby, Anne; Penninx, Josien; Hickey, Martha; Garry, Ray; Marjoribanks, Jane. Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013-08-30, (8): CD001501 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 23990373. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001501.pub4. (原始内容存档于2022-01-14).
- ^ Reid, Peter C; Mukri, Faizah. Trends in number of hysterectomies performed in England for menorrhagia: examination of health episode statistics, 1989 to 2002-3. BMJ. 2005-04-23, 330 (7497): 938–939. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 556338 . PMID 15695496. doi:10.1136/bmj.38376.505382.AE (英语).
- ^ Hurskainen, Ritva; Teperi, Juha; Rissanen, Pekka; Aalto, Anna-Mari; Grenman, Seija; Kivelä, Aarre; Kujansuu, Erkki; Vuorma, Sirkku; Yliskoski, Merja. Clinical Outcomes and Costs With the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System or Hysterectomy for Treatment of Menorrhagia: Randomized Trial 5-Year Follow-up. JAMA. 2004-03-24, 291 (12): 1456. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 15039412. doi:10.1001/jama.291.12.1456 (英语).
- ^ Istre, Olav; Trolle, Birgitta. Treatment of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Fertility and Sterility. 2001-08, 76 (2): 304–309 [2022-01-14]. PMID 11476777. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01909-4. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (英语).
延伸閱讀
- Continuous Identification of Research Evidence (collaborative of the WHO, and US CDC & Johns Hopkins Hospital) - Search of Evidence about the IUS
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding National Guideline Clearinghouse
- Menorrhagia - Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Armenian Medical Network
- Abnormal uterine bleeding/dysfunctional uterine bleeding. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Intracorp - Public For Profit Organization. 2005. Various pagings. NGC:004390
- Working group on inherited bleeding disorders (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) rbdd - Rare Bleeding Disorders database
- Project Red Flag Information About Women and Bleeding Disorders
- Adenomyosis Information (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from MayoClinic.com
- Working group on menorrhagia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Menorrhagia and other gynaecological problems in women affected by bleeding disorders