東亞人種
东亚人种,是主要分佈於包括東亞多個國家境內的多個族群的統稱。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通過“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年,東亞地區的总人口为16.77亿,占世界人口的21%。[1]
分佈
人种与民族的含義與範圍各有異同。民族主要基於族群的文化认同,而种族主要基於人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中,由於文化融合等因素可以使得民族發生变化,同樣种族由於族群的融合等因素,作为遗传特征會被保留下来,進而成為研究族群遷移及融合的依據。
东亚人种主要分佈於东亚、東南亞、北亞地区,汉族、壯族、傣族、京族、苗族、朝鮮民族、大和民族、阿伊努族、白族、回族、满族、蒙古族、蒙古語族群、尼夫赫人、羌族、琉球族、藏族以及雅库特人都是東亞人。[2][3][4][5][6]东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切,与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。
历史和遗传起源
在智人在世界上定居的过程中,大约在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到达了东亚。 早期的“走出非洲”血统(70 kya)在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。 早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。 这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化,从东亚大陆传出,通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。 早期東亞人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]。
从 Y-DNA 研究来看,东歐亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展,该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但這群人同時也是北歐亞人與大洋洲相關人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉,前往东南亚[14]。
根據目前流行的假說,一个独特的“基础东亚人口”(称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(简称:“ESEA”);是现代东亚人、東南亞矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先), 起源于东南亚大陆(约公元前 45,000 年),并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。 这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统(~40,000BCe)的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是現代東南亞人的主要祖先來源,現代東南亞人來自更晚近的東亞人群。[15]。
中南大學最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表征東亞人的獨特基因和DNA譜系。東亞人可以與歐洲人和非洲人區分開來[17][18]。
最新的遺傳學研究,認為智人在出非洲後,首先在距今四萬到五萬年前,分化為西歐亞人(West Eurasian)與東歐亞人(East Eurasian)兩個人群,東歐亞人之後又在分化成東亞人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群、繩紋人等人群。之後東亞人在約距今兩萬年前,又在分化成了北東亞人(Northern East Asian)與南東亞人(Southern East Asian),北東亞人是新石器黃河農夫、古東北亞人與新西伯利亞人的主要基因來源,而南東亞人是新石器長江農夫與現代東南亞人的主要基因來源。現代中國人是在距今萬年以內,由北東亞人與南東亞人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]
參考文獻
- ^ East Asia Countries Total Population. [2020-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-09).
- ^ Vickers, Edward. History Education and National Identity in East Asia. 2010: 125October 21, 2010. ISBN 978-0415948081.
- ^ Demel, Walter; Kowner, Rotem. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage. Brill. 2015: 255April 23, 2015. ISBN 978-9004292925.
- ^ Ivanova R, Astrinidis A, Lepage V; 等. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the Vietnamese population. Eur. J. Immunogenet. December 1999, 26 (6): 417–22. PMID 10583463.
- ^ Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link.
- ^ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). April 6, 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5.;
Introducing East Asian Peoples (PDF). International Mission Board. September 10, 2016 [June 11, 2018]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于May 13, 2018).;
Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon. Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. 2011: 156. ISBN 978-0231156967.;
Herreria, Carla. Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person. The Huffington Post. May 17, 2017 [June 11, 2018]. (原始内容存档于May 9, 2018).;
Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics (Elsevier Ltd.). June 23, 2003, 35 (2): 173–8 [2003]. PMID 15105079. S2CID 6640984. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004.;
Machery, Edouard; O'Neill, Elizabeth. Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy). Routledge. 2014: 6February 28, 2014. ISBN 978-0415519670.;
Ludwig, Theodore M. Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice. LWW. 2003: 165. ISBN 978-0781740968.;
Shaules, Joseph. Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living . Multilingual Matters. 2007: 43. ISBN 978-1847690173.;
Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions 1st. Brill Academic Publishing. 2014: 41. ISBN 978-9004285507.;
Leach, Mark M. Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0789030184.;
Leibo, Steve. East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016: 1. ISBN 978-1475829068.;
Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay. Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood. June 17, 2010: 58. ISBN 978-0313350801.;
Salkind, Neil J. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology . Sage Publications. 2008: 56. ISBN 978-1412916882.;
Minahan, James B. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171.;
Stodolska, Monika. Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Human Kinetics. 2013: 229. ISBN 978-0736094528.;
Lim, SK. Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. 2011-11-01: 56. ISBN 978-9812295941. - ^ Leonardo Vallini, Giulia Marciani, Serena Aneli, Eugenio Bortolini, Stefano Benazzi, Telmo Pievani, Luca Pagani. Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa. academic.oup.com. 2022-04-07 [2023-04-28].
- ^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations. Communications Biology. 2020-08-25, 3 (1). ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786 . PMID 32843717. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 (英语).
- ^ Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature. 2018-01, 553 (7687) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature25173. (原始内容存档于2022-09-28) (英语).
- ^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. (原始内容存档于2023-04-16) (英语).
- ^ Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Camilo Chacón-Duque, Juan; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Lozano, Rodrigo Barquera; Pérez, Gastón Macín; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nature Communications. 2016-05-19, 7 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4874031 . PMID 27193062. doi:10.1038/ncomms11616. (原始内容存档于2022-11-04) (英语).
- ^ Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021-03-30, 118 (13) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. (原始内容存档于2023-04-09) (英语).
- ^ Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science. 2017-12-08, 358 (6368) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.aai9067. (原始内容存档于2023-05-17) (英语).
- ^ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris. A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes. Human Genetics. 2021-02-01, 140 (2). ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 7864842 . PMID 32666166. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 (英语).
- ^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. (原始内容存档于2023-04-16) (英语).
- ^ Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel. Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1st–3rd centuries CE. Scientific Reports. 2022-12-29, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9800559 . PMID 36581666. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3 (英语).
- ^ Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA. [2020-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-18).
- ^ Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa. [2020-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-16).
- ^ Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. 2020-05-14 [2023-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-23) (英语).
- ^ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei. Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 2020-06-01, 62: 78–84. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32688244. S2CID 220671047. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 (英语).
- ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Pagani, Luca. The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 231–241. ISSN 1827-4765. PMID 36565457. doi:10.4436/JASS.10013.
- ^ Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke. Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 193–230. PMID 36576953. doi:10.4436/jass.10017.
参见
- 汉民族的起源与形成—体质人类学的新视角
- 刘海萍,云南蒙古族体质特征与群体遗传学特性研究
- 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在「世界屋脊」生存