死藤水
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死藤水(奇楚瓦語:Ayahuasca)是Banisteriopsis屬的卡皮木(Banisteriopsis caapi)和Diplopterys屬的死藤(Diplopterys cabrerana)以及九节属物種所煎熬成的一种饮料。饮用后其中的N,N-二甲基色胺等致幻劑物质会发挥效用,並改變人的知覺、思維、情緒以及意識,使人產生幻覺或陷入部分领域认为的“通灵”状态。因此被當地的美洲原住民广泛应用于宗教仪式中,過程中會與薩滿搭配,每個區域及不同的薩滿在煎煮的過程中都有自己的調配比例,大多分布於亞馬遜雨林周邊區域。
研究
1950年哈佛大学植物学家 Richard Evans Schultes 记录,他在哥伦比亚的亚马逊雨林中发现死藤水被当地人用于宗教和医疗中。1993年,Charles Grob 展開死藤水對人類影響的研究。[1]
2023年根據發表在 PNAS 期刊上的一項研究[2],倫敦帝國學院招募了20名志願者參與DMT對大腦活動影響的研究。注射20毫克的DMT後,使用腦電圖和功能性磁共振成像記錄志願者服用藥物前、期間、和之後的大腦活動。結果顯示,DMT破壞了大腦的基本網絡,導致彼此之間的區分很小。大腦的主要節奏瓦解,想像力區域連接性提升。
文化意义
死藤水在秘鲁、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔和巴西的亚马逊文化中有着千年的渊源。
秘鲁非物质文化遗产
现代死藤水的使用
合法性
已知相思樹樹皮可精煉含有致幻生物鹼的N,N-二甲基色胺[3]。二甲基色胺是中國列管的第一类精神药品色胺类致幻剂,2020年9月14日,中國福建省廈門市警方逮捕了吸食、販賣死藤水的葛某。
參看
台灣的啟靈藥草相思湯又稱為台灣死藤水,是南美死藤水的一種變形,由相思樹樹皮與駱駝蓬子這兩者煮出來的湯,但與南美洲的死藤水不同[4]。
參考資料
- ^ The Hoasca Project. maps.org. [2016-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-05).
- ^ Human brain effects of DMT assessed via EEG-fMRI. [2023-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-13).
- ^ 提煉二甲基色胺 工程師製毒走私澳洲. 中央社. 2017-01-17 [2021-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24) (中文).
- ^ 相思湯. (原始内容存档于2018-10-17).
延伸閱讀
- 威廉·柏洛茲 and 艾伦·金斯堡. The Yage Letters. San Francisco: City Lights, 1963. ISBN 0-87286-004-3
- Caiuby Labate, Beatriz & Cavnar, Clancy [Editors]: The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca. Springer, 2014. ISBN 978-3642404252 [Print]; ISBN 978-3-642-40426-9 [eBook]
- Lamb, Bruce F. Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Córdova. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1985. ISBN 0-938190-59-8
- Langdon, E. Jean Matteson & Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8263-1345-0
- Luna, Luis Eduardo. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986. ISBN 91-22-00819-5
- Luna, Luis Eduardo & Pablo Amaringo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of A Peruvian Shaman. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1999. ISBN 1-55643-311-5
- Luna, Luis Eduardo & Stephen F. White, eds. Ayahuasca Reader: Encounters with the Amazon's Sacred Vine. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic, 2000. ISBN 0-907791-32-8
- 泰瑞司·麥肯南. Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution.
- Ralph Metzner, ed. Ayahuasca: Hallucinogens, Consciousness, and the Spirit of Nature. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1999. ISBN 1-56025-160-3
- Metzner, Ralph (Editor). Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca, (2nd ed.) Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2006. ISBN 1-59477-053-0, ISBN 978-1-59477-053-1
- Ott, J. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History, (2nd ed.)(Paperback). Kennewick, Wash.: Natural Products, 1993. ISBN 0-9614234-9-8. ISBN 978-0-9614234-9-0
- Ott, Jonathan. Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco: Haight-Ashbury Pub. in assoc. w. Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic). April–June 1999, 31 (2): 171–7. ISSN 0279-1072. OCLC 7565359. PMID 10438001. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741.
- Polari de Alverga, Alex. Forest of Visions: Ayahuasca, Amazonian Spirituality, and the Santo Daime Tradition. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1999. ISBN 0-89281-716-X
- Benny Shanon. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925293-9
- Rick Strassman. DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2001. ISBN 0-89281-927-8
- Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-79012-6
- Tupper, Kenneth. The Globalization of Ayahuasca: Harm Reduction or Benefit Maximization?. International Journal of Drug Policy. August 2008, 19 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001.
- Tupper, Kenneth. Ayahuasca Healing Beyond the Amazon: The Globalization of a Traditional Indigenous Entheogenic Practice. Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs. 2009, 9 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x.
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. Plants, Psychoactive Substances and the International Narcotics Control Board: The Control of Nature and the Nature of Control (PDF). Human Rights & Drugs. 2012, 2 (1): 17–28 [2017-02-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-15).
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. Ayahuasca, Psychedelic Studies and Health Sciences: The Politics of Knowledge and Inquiry into an Amazonian Plant Brew (PDF). Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2014, 7 (2): 71–80. PMID 25563448. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107155042. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-22).