細胞內寄生物

(重定向自胞内寄生菌

細胞內寄生物(英語:intracellular parasite)是指一類寄生於宿主細胞中生長、繁殖的微生物,可分為兼性(facultative)和專性(obligate)寄生物。此术语含盖任何生物和病毒;若为细菌,又称胞內寄生菌

部分細胞內寄生物會導致相關疾病的發生。

兼性寄生物

兼性寄生物可以在胞內寄生,於胞外也可以存活[1]

屬於兼性寄生物的細菌舉例如下:

屬於兼性寄生物的真菌舉例如下:

專性寄生物

 
掃描電鏡下拍攝的肺部寄生的刚地弓形虫Toxoplasma gondii

專性寄生物只能在寄生細胞內存活,生活完全依賴於宿主細胞內的資源。

專性寄生物有:

對專性寄生物的研究難度較高,因為他們通常不能在宿主外增殖。2009年,研究人員發現Q型流感的病原體贝氏柯克斯体英语Coxiella burnetiiCoxiella burnetii)可以在一種無菌培養基上培養。他們在論文中提出,這種技術也許亦可以應用在其他病原體上[18]

值得一提的是,內共生理論認為,線粒體最初也是寄生於細胞內的專性寄生物,但最後發展成了共生關係乃至成為細胞器[19]

營養

細胞內寄生物主要依靠宿主細胞的能量生長繁殖,他們尤其需要在脫離宿主細胞時難以獲取的營養物質。兼性細胞內寄生物嗜肺军团菌Legionella pneumophila)目前是研究細胞內寄生物獲取宿主細胞營養的標準研究模型。目前的研究表明,嗜肺军团菌通過促進宿主細胞蛋白自我分解或通過蛋白酶體分解,將這些蛋白質變為氨基酸。嗜肺军团菌可以用這些氨基酸作為碳源和主要的能量來源[20]

敏感性

T細胞功能受損的人群(如AIDS患者)較難清除侵入體內的病原性細胞內寄生物[21]

參見

參考

  1. ^ 李雍龍等. 人體寄生蟲學 第7版. 人民衛生出版社. 2009: 9. ISBN 978-7-117-09971-4. 
  2. ^ Bartonella henselae (PDF). [2018-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-01). 
  3. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004: 488–90. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. 
  4. ^ Dramsi, Shaynoor; Cossart, Pascale. Listeriolysin O. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2002-03-18, 156 (6): 943–946. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2173465 . PMID 11901162. doi:10.1083/jcb.200202121. 
  5. ^ Jantsch, J.; Chikkaballi, D.; Hensel, M. Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica. Immunological Reviews. 2011, 240 (1): 185–195. PMID 21349094. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x. 
  6. ^ Celli, Jean. The changing nature of the Brucella-containing vacuole. Cellular Microbiology. 2015, 17 (7): 951–8. PMC 4478208 . PMID 25916795. doi:10.1111/cmi.12452. 
  7. ^ W T Martin; et al. Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Mar; 47(3): 467–471. 1913. 
  8. ^ Silva MT; et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer.. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;9(11):699-710. 
  9. ^ Beaman BL; Beaman L. Nocardia asteroides as an invasive, intracellular pathogen of the brain and lungs. Subcell Biochem. 2000;33:167-97. 
  10. ^ Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Microbiology. 2002, 148 (Pt 3): 793–798. PMID 11882714. doi:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793. 
  11. ^ Yuehua Ke; Zeliang Chen; Ruifu Yang. Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3: 106. 2013-12-24. 
  12. ^ Spinosa MR, Progida C, Talà A, Cogli L, Alifano P, Bucci C. The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells. Infect. Immun. July 2007, 75 (7): 3594–603 [2017-10-27]. PMC 1932921 . PMID 17470547. doi:10.1128/IAI.01945-06. (原始内容存档于2019-12-10). 
  13. ^ Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE. Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum: fungal virulence and calcium dependence. Science. November 2000, 290 (5495): 1368–72 [2017-10-27]. PMID 11082066. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1368. (原始内容存档于2019-12-10). 
  14. ^ Alvarez, M.; Burns, T.; Luo, Y.; Pirofski, L. A.; Casadevall, A. The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes. BMC Microbiology. 2009, 9: 51. PMC 2670303 . PMID 19265539. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-51. 
  15. ^ Amann R, Springer N, Schönhuber W, et al. Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. January 1997, 63 (1): 115–21 [2017-10-27]. PMC 168308 . PMID 8979345. (原始内容存档于2019-12-10). 
  16. ^ Deng, M.; Lancto, C. A.; Abrahamsen, M. S. Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression. International Journal for Parasitology. 2004, 34 (1): 73–82. PMID 14711592. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.001. 
  17. ^ Page 28页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in: Title: Rook's textbook of dermatology, Volume 4, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Authors: Arthur Rook, Tony Burns (FRCP.) Edition: 8 Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, 2010 ISBN 1-4051-6169-8, ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5
  18. ^ Omsland, Anders; Cockrell, Diane C.; Howe, Dale; Fischer, Elizabeth R.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Sturdevant, Daniel E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Heinzen, Robert A. Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. Mar 17, 2009, 106 (11): 4430–4 [September 18, 2011]. PMC 2657411 . PMID 19246385. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106. 
  19. ^ Lynn Sagan. On the origin of mitosing cells. J Theor Biol. 1967, 14 (3): 255–274. PMID 11541392. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. 
  20. ^ Heuner K; Swanson M (editors). (2008). Legionella: Molecular Microbiology. Caister Academic Press.
  21. ^ Page 432页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Chapter 22, in: Jones, Jane; Bannister, Barbara A.; Gillespie, Stephen H. Infection: Microbiology and Management. Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 1-4051-2665-5.