赤眼蜂屬

赤眼蜂屬
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
下目：	寄生蜂下目 Parasitica
总科：	小蜂總科 Chalcidoidea
科：	赤眼蜂科 Trichogrammatidae
属：	赤眼蜂屬 Trichogramma
種
	超過230種，詳見內文。

赤眼蜂屬（學名： Trichogramma）是膜翅目細腰亞目寄生蜂下目之下的小蜂总科赤眼蜂科的成員之一，其物種皆為多食性（英语：polyphagous）的微小拟寄生物，寄生於其牠昆蟲的蟲卵中^[1]。赤眼蜂屬是赤眼蜂科約80個屬的其中一個，在全世界包括超過200個物種^[2]^[3]^[4]。成蟲大多小於1毫米，會產卵於宿主卵内，幼蟲取食卵黄、化蛹並引發宿主死亡。成蟲羽化後咬破寄主卵殼而出。

儘管現時在全世界有多種用於生物防治的物種，本屬物種仍然是研究得最詳盡的一類^[5]，有超過一千份相關的文獻與本屬物種相關，也是目前世上於生物防治中最常用的物種^[6]。

寄生性

雌性成虫会通过化学和视觉信号来找到用来作为宿主的卵，比如卵大小和颜色。^[6]在她找到合适的卵后，其将会试图通过她的产卵器和对卵壳的敲击来判别这个卵是否之前已经被寄生过了。雌性赤眼蜂也会通过敲击来判别目标被寄生卵的大小和质量以决定赤眼蜂在被寄生卵内的产卵数量。^[7]一个雌性赤眼蜂一天最多可以在十个被寄生卵上产卵。

辨識

本屬物種體型細小，構造上亦單一，使物種間的分辨頗困難^[8]^[9]^[10]。由于雌性相对来说体型较小，分类学家一般通过辨别雄性触角和生殖器的方式来辨别不同物种。^[11]^[12]

Charles V. Riley在1871年于北美第一种对赤眼蜂属下的物种进行描述。他将从总督蝶卵中爬出来的小蜂称为Trichogramma minutum。^[3]在生物分类学中，首个采集的标本是十分重要的，因为其被用作继续描述这个物种的基础，但是它丢失了。Riley后来在1879年又描述了第二种叫做Trichogramma pretiosum的赤眼蜂，但是其样本也丢了。为了更正这些错误，昆虫学家返回了Riley原本找到这两个物种的地方并收集了新的范本。现在这些范本被完好地存放在美国史密森尼学会。当前赤眼蜂属的物种超过两百种，但是在1960年的时候只有大概40种赤眼蜂被描述。^[13]

赤眼蜂屬物種體內的沃尔巴克氏体

赤眼蜂屬物種體內有沃尔巴克氏体（Wolbachia），是一種分佈廣泛的細菌，專門感染昆蟲的內臟，特別是生殖系統的器官^[14]。這些沃尔巴克氏体在感染了昆蟲後，會改變其宿主交配時的成功率^[14]。

部分物種

以下譯名參照龐飛雄及陳泰魯 (1974)使用的名稱^[8]^:441：

Trichogramma aomoriense
Trichogramma atopovirilia
澳洲赤眼蜂 Trichogramma australicum Giraulf：見於中国^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma brassicae（英语：Trichogramma brassicae）
Trichogramma brevicapillum
Trichogramma carverae
螟黃赤眼蜂 Trichogramma chilonis^[8]^:442
舟蛾赤眼蜂 Trichogramma closterae Pang & Chen 1974：見於中国^[8]^:441
Trichogramma deion
松毛蟲赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura：見於中国^[8]^:441。
食胚赤眼蜂 Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig)^[8]^:441
暗黑赤眼蜂 Trichogramma euproctidis (Giraut)：見於中国^[8]^:441。
廣赤眼蜂 Trichogramma evanescens（英语：Trichogramma evanescens） Westwood, 1833：見於中国^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma exiguum
Trichogramma falx
暗褐赤眼蜂 Trichogramma fasciatum (Perkins)^[8]^:442
Trichogramma fuentesi
Trichogramma funiculatum
稻螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma japonicum（英语：Trichogramma japonicum） Ashmead：見於中国^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma jezoensis^[8]^:442
Trichogramma koehleri Blanchard^[8]^:442
粘虫赤眼蜂 Trichogramma leucaniae Pang & Chen, 1974^[8]^:441
Trichogramma luteum^[8]^:442
舌突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma lingulatum Pang & Chen, 1974^[15]^:441
毛利赤眼鋒 Trichogramma maori^[16]
微小赤眼鋒 Trichogramma minutum Riley^[8]^:442
Trichogramma nubilale
玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen, 1974
Trichogramma papilonis
Trichogramma platneri
Trichogramma pretiosum
微突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma raoi Nagaraja：見於中国^[8]^:441。
窄突赤眼蜂 Trichogramma retorridum (Giraulf)^[8]^:442
顯棒赤眼蜂 Trichogramma semblidis (Aur.)^[8]^:441
疏毛赤眼蜂 Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins)^[8]^:442
凤蝶赤眼蜂 Trichogramma sericini Pang & Chen 1974：見於中国^[8]^:441。
Trichogramma siddiqi
Trichogramma thalense
Trichogramma valentinei
Trichogramma vitripenne Walker^[8]^:442
Trichogramma yawarae

參考文獻

^ Flanders, S; Quednau, W. Taxonomy of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). BioControl. 1960, 5: 285–294. doi:10.1007/bf02372951.
^ Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010) 'Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma.' (Springer).
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
^ Sumer, F; Tuncbilek, AS; Oztemiz, S; Pintureau, B; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R. A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region. BioControl. 2009, 54: 617–624. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9219-8.
^ Upadhyay RK, Mukerji KG, Chamola BP (2001) 'Biocontrol potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Insect Pests.' (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
^ Klomp, H; Teerink, B.J.; Wei, Chun Ma. Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized Hosts in the Egg Parasite Trichogramma embryophagum (Hym.=Trichogrammatidae)=a Matter of Learning and Forgetting. Netherlands Journal of Zoology (Koninklijke Brill NV). 1979, 30 (2): 254–27 [May 22, 2014]. ISSN 0028-2960. doi:10.1163/002829679X00412. （原始内容存档于2014-11-02）.
^ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 ^8.15 ^8.16 ^8.17 ^8.18 ^8.19 ^8.20 ^8.21 龐飛雄; 陳泰魯. 中国的赤眼蜂属Trichogramma記述. 昆蟲學報. 1974-11, 17 (4): 441–454 [2018-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-19）（中文（简体））.
^ Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology. 1977, 22: 157–176. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105.
^ Thomson, LJ; Rundle, BJ; Carew, ME; Hoffmann, AA. Identification and characterization of Trichogramma species from south-eastern Australia using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2003, 106: 235–240. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00029.x.
^ Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1971, 61: 13–31. doi:10.1017/s0007485300057412.
^ Polaszek, A; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R; Hernandez-Suarez, E; Cabello, T; Pino Pérez, M. Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands. BioControl. 2012, 57: 21–35. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9361-y.
^ 存档副本. [2018-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-16）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Grenier, Simon; et al. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 1998, 265: 1441–1445. PMC 1689218  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0455.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为Pang & Chen, 1974的参考文献提供内容
^ Description of three new Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) from New Zealand and their relationship to new world species. [2018-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-20）（英语）.

引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Quednau 1960”的参考文献没有在文中使用

外部連結

維基物種上的相關信息：赤眼蜂屬
Biocontrol-oriented Trichogramma Manual
Trichogramma Article
Trichogramma dropping by drones （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Flanders1960-1] Flanders, S; Quednau, W. Taxonomy of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). BioControl. 1960, 5: 285–294. doi:10.1007/bf02372951.

[consoli-2] Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010) 'Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma.' (Springer).

[knutson-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).

[sumer-4] Sumer, F; Tuncbilek, AS; Oztemiz, S; Pintureau, B; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R. A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region. BioControl. 2009, 54: 617–624. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9219-8.

[upadhay-5] Upadhyay RK, Mukerji KG, Chamola BP (2001) 'Biocontrol potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Insect Pests.' (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers).

[knuston-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).

[7] Klomp, H; Teerink, B.J.; Wei, Chun Ma. Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized Hosts in the Egg Parasite Trichogramma embryophagum (Hym.=Trichogrammatidae)=a Matter of Learning and Forgetting. Netherlands Journal of Zoology (Koninklijke Brill NV). 1979, 30 (2): 254–27 [May 22, 2014]. ISSN 0028-2960. doi:10.1163/002829679X00412. （原始内容存档于2014-11-02）.

[Pang_&_Chen_1974-8] 8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 ^8.15 ^8.16 ^8.17 ^8.18 ^8.19 ^8.20 ^8.21 龐飛雄; 陳泰魯. 中国的赤眼蜂属Trichogramma記述. 昆蟲學報. 1974-11, 17 (4): 441–454 [2018-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-19）（中文（简体））.

[nag-9] Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology. 1977, 22: 157–176. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105.

[thomson-10] Thomson, LJ; Rundle, BJ; Carew, ME; Hoffmann, AA. Identification and characterization of Trichogramma species from south-eastern Australia using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2003, 106: 235–240. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00029.x.

[nagar-11] Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H. Redescriptions of some known species of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1971, 61: 13–31. doi:10.1017/s0007485300057412.

[polaszek-12] Polaszek, A; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R; Hernandez-Suarez, E; Cabello, T; Pino Pérez, M. Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands. BioControl. 2012, 57: 21–35. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9361-y.

[13] 存档副本. [2018-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-16）.

[Grenier-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Grenier, Simon; et al. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 1998, 265: 1441–1445. PMC 1689218  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0455.

[Pang_&_Chen,_1974-15] 引用错误：没有为名为Pang & Chen, 1974的参考文献提供内容

[NZ-16] Description of three new Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) from New Zealand and their relationship to new world species. [2018-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-20）（英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]