阿卡 (以色列)
以色列城市
(重定向自阿科)
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 |
阿科[1](希伯來語:עַכּוֹ,羅馬化:ʻAkkō,英語:Acre),或阿卡(阿拉伯语:عكّا,羅馬化:ʻAkkā),是一座位于以色列北部加利利西部的城市,距离耶路撒冷约152公里。阿卡是持续有人类居住的最古老的城市之一。2011年人口为46,464人[2],约75%为犹太人,25%为阿拉伯人。在1948年被以色列占领之前,大多数阿卡居民是阿拉伯人。
阿卡
| |
---|---|
希伯來語轉寫 | |
• ISO 259 | ʕakko |
坐标:32°55′34″N 35°05′02″E / 32.9261°N 35.0839°E | |
網格位置 | 156/258 PAL |
行政区划 | 北部区 |
政府 | |
• 类型 | 城市 |
• 市長 | Shimon Lankri |
面积 | |
• 总计 | 13,533 杜纳亩s(14 平方公里 或 5 平方英里) |
人口(2012年12月) | |
• 總計 | 47,200 ▲人 |
中世紀
第一次十字軍東征建立耶路撒冷王國後,十字軍進攻阿卡,經過約4年圍困後,阿卡於1104年向十字軍投降。[3]阿卡成為十字軍在巴勒斯坦的主要港口。[4]到1130年代,阿卡人口約有25,000人,當時耶路撒冷王國境內只有耶路撒冷城的規模可與阿卡相比。
埃及的薩拉丁在1187年的哈丁战役擊敗十字軍後攻佔耶路撒冷,隨後未經戰鬥即佔領阿卡、西頓等地。第三次十字軍東征時,十字軍於1191年攻佔阿卡。隨着十字軍運動的衰落,地中海東岸的其它十字軍城鎮相繼失守,阿卡變成一座孤城,終於在1291年被馬穆鲁克王朝攻陷。
近代及現代
因阿卡及其周围有大量巴哈伊信仰的圣地,故2008年,阿卡与海法的巴哈伊信仰相关地点被列入世界遗产名录。[5][6]
参考文献
- ^ 民政部地名研究所 (编). 世界地名译名词典. 北京: 中国社会出版社. 2017-05. ISBN 978-7-5087-5525-0. OCLC 1121629943. OL 28272719M. NLC 009152391.
Acre 阿科 [巴·以];ʻAkkō 阿科 [巴·以];
(简体中文) - ^ Locality File. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2011 [February 2, 2013]. (原始内容 (XLS)存档于2013-09-23).
- ^ Sharon, 1997, p. 25 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Archaeology in Israel – Acco (Acre). Jewishmag.com. [May 5, 2009]. (原始内容存档于6 June 2009).
- ^ Baha'i Shrines Chosen as World Heritage sites. Baha'i World News Service. July 8, 2008 [October 20, 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-20).
- ^ Glass, Hannah. Israeli Baha'i Sites Recognized by UNESCO. Haaretz. July 10, 2008 [October 20, 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-22).
延伸阅读
- Barron, J.B. (编). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. 1923.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1882.
- Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. 1945 [2016-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-02).
- Hadawi, S. Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. 1970 [2016-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-08).
- Head, Barclay; et al, Phoenicia, Historia Numorum 2nd, Oxford: Clarendon Press: 788–801, 1911 [2018-11-23], (原始内容存档于2021-03-01).
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal. Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. 1977 [2018-12-10]. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4. (原始内容存档于2019-10-14).
- Kahanov, Yaacov; Stern, Eliezer; Cvikel, Deborah; Me-Bar, Yoav. Between Shoal and Wall: The naval bombardment of Akko, 1840. The Mariner's Mirror. 2014, 100 (2): 147–167. S2CID 110466181. doi:10.1080/00253359.2014.901699.
- Karsh, E. Palestine Betrayed. Yale University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-12727-0.
- Le Strange, G. Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1890.
- Maundrell, H. A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem: At Easter, A. D. 1697. Oxford: Printed at the Theatre. 1703.
- Mills, E. (编). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1932.
- Pappé, I. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine . London and New York: Oneworld. 2006. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0.
- Peters, E. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials. The Middle Ages Series.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1971. (23–90, 104–105, 122–124, 149–151)
- Petersen, Andrew. A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) I. Oxford University Press. 2001 [2018-12-15]. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0. (原始内容存档于2021-05-29).
- Philipp, Thomas. Acre -The rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831. Columbia University Press. 2001 [2015-07-01]. ISBN 978-0-231-12326-6. (原始内容存档于2020-06-05).
- Pococke, R. A description of the East, and some other countries 2. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer. 1745.
- Pringle, Denys. Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. 1997 [2015-07-01]. ISBN 0521-46010-7. (原始内容存档于2020-06-08). (pp. 16 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2015-09-24.-17)
- Riley-Smith, J., A History of the World-Object: Hedwig glass beaker, BBC, 2010 [2010-06-25], (原始内容存档于2019-05-29)
- Sharon, M. Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A 1. BRILL. 1997 [2018-12-10]. ISBN 978-90-04-10833-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Torstrick, Rebecca L. The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel. The University of Michigan Press. 2000 [2015-07-01]. ISBN 978-0-472-11124-4. (原始内容存档于2015-11-26).
外部链接
- Old City of Acre - The Official Website(Old Acre Development Company - OADC)
- Acre's History (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(Jewish Virtual Library)
- The Acre prison break (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(Jewish Virtual Library)
- Names by which Acre has been known & pictures(Bibleplaces.com)
- Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
- Acre Walls(OADC)
- The Tourists Guide to Acre (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Photos of Acco (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)