English: The horizontal brown stippled line at the top represents the GHG intensity of conventional gasoline, the orange stippled line represents maximum emissions for the US Renewable Fuel Standard, and the red stippled line maximum emissions for the similar EU Council Directive 2015/1513. The greyish/blueish, green and red vertical bars sequentially represent individual GHG costs and savings as the product (ethanol or renewable gasoline) progress through its different production phases. Production phases like farm operations, fuel conversion and transport (greyish/light blue bars) all add to the GHG cost of the product, with each building upon the GHG cost of the preceding production phase (notice how these bars start at the top of the preceding bar). Since the production of co-products (dark blue bars) cancel the need to produce these products elsewhere, the bars move downward instead of upward. The green bars (representing net carbon change), also for the most part move downwards because of net soil carbon sequestration for miscanthus and poplar grown on arable land. However, for poplar grown on grassland, the bar move upwards. Further, the red bars (nitrogen) also move upwards, since nitrogen emissions in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas. Finally, the yellow diamond (net GHG intensity) is placed where the red bar stops. The calculations are based on trials on marginal land in Europe and USA, with mean yields of 10 and 11.8 t/ha/yr for miscanthus and poplar, respectively. See appendix S1