躁狂

一种以明显而持久的心境高涨为主的精神障碍
(重定向自Mania

躁狂(英語:mania),又称躁狂发作,台湾又称狂躁[1],中国大陆又称躁狂症[2],是一种以明显而持久的心境高涨为主的情感性精神障碍,也属于双相情感障碍的一种发作形式,典型症状为情感高涨、思维奔逸和活动增多等,部分患者同时伴有认知功能损害。[2][3][4][5]发作期间,患者情绪极不稳定,易受环境刺激影响。躁狂通常会认为是抑郁的反义词,但事实上,躁狂的情感高涨除了表现为欣快感的高涨,也可以表现为极其易怒,并且随着症状的发展,患者会更加易怒,同时可能会因此导致焦虑症并使患者更容易产生暴力行为[6]

躁狂(发作)
类型心境障碍
治療心理治療
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神病学
ICD-10F31.1, F30
ICD-9-CM296.0 Single manic episode, 296.4 Most recent episode manic, 296.6 Most recent episode mixed
MeSHD001714
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
患有夸大妄想症的患者可能会错误地认为自己比实际上更强大(夸大妄想)。

躁狂不一定意味着情感性精神障碍,同抑郁相似,躁狂可以是短期或长期的情绪状态,仅有符合一定条件时,才可以认定为情感性精神障碍。[7]

病因

躁狂的成因尚不明确,可能受到遗传、心理、生理、滥用药品和社会环境等多方面影响。[8][9]

有研究指出,体内谷氨酸盐含量失调和滥用氯胺酮所导致的NMDA受体失调[10][11][12]以及miRNA功能部分受损可能是躁狂发作的诱因。[13] 同时,也有研究发现,同正常人相比,躁狂患者大脑的杏仁核海马体基底神经节前额叶皮层前扣带皮层等部分有异常反应,其中前额叶皮质、额下回眶部等部分活跃程度较低,而岛叶部分活跃程度较高。[14][15][16]

部分抗抑郁药(如SSRI类药品)和毒品也有导致和加剧躁狂的风险。酗酒也是导致躁狂的重要原因之一。[17]

有研究者指出,躁狂患者体内多巴胺转运蛋白密度相较于正常人较低,而体内多巴胺含量过多,进而推测体内多巴胺含量过多或体内多巴胺回收功能减弱可能会引起躁狂发作,并且多巴胺转运蛋白密度和多巴胺含量同躁狂症状的严重程度相关。[18]也有实验表明,躁狂发作可能和患者压力长期过大有关。[19]

诊断

预防和治疗

预防

治疗

躁狂的治疗应当尽可能的采用联合治疗的方法,在特殊情况下,应当考虑接受住院治疗。[20]

有研究和病例表明,针对急性躁狂发作,可以采用碳酸锂[21]、抗惊厥药品和抗抑郁药品等药品进行治疗。而后经由医生诊断,可以进一步使用碳酸锂卡马西平氯氮平等抗惊厥药、抗精神病药品进行长期治疗。[22]

除了通过药物治疗外,在实践中也常用电休克疗法治疗躁狂。[23][24]有案例表明,心理咨询以及加强患者家属心理知识的辅导尽管不能够作为单一治疗方式[25],但也可以起到一定缓解病情的作用。[26][27]

外部链接

參見

参考资料

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