象雄语
象雄语(藏語:ཞང་ཞུང,威利转写:zhang zhung)是吐蕃在青藏高原崛起前象雄所用语言,使用者在今天西藏西部,现已灭绝。经证实出现在《洞中宝藏》(mDzod phug)的多语种文献及其他短文当中。
象雄语 | |
---|---|
区域 | 西藏西部、中亚 |
年代 | 7世纪–10世纪[1] |
語系 | |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-3 | xzh |
语言学家列表 | xzh |
Glottolog | zhan1239 [2] |
一小部分包含未被破译的语言的敦煌文献中的内容被称为古象雄语,但其性质尚存争议。
洞中宝藏(mDzod phug)
《洞中宝藏》(藏語:མཛོད་ཕུག,威利转写:mdzod phug)是指由Shenchen Luga(藏語:གཤེན་ཆེན་ཀླུ་དགའ,威利转写:gshen chen klu dga')于12世纪公开的一部伏藏。[3]Martin(n.d.: p. 21)认定其对于研究象雄语有重要意义:
For students of Tibetan culture in general, the mDzod phug is one of the most intriguing of all Bön scriptures, since it is the only lengthy bilingual work in Zhang-zhung and Tibetan (some of the shorter but still significant sources for Zhang-zhung are signalled in Orofino 1990)."[4]
通常对于西藏文化的学者来说,《洞中宝藏》是所有苯教典籍中最神秘的一部,以其作为唯一长篇的象雄语和藏语双语作品(一些更短但仍然意义重大象雄文献于1990年在奥罗菲诺被报告)。
外部关系
Bradley(2002)称象雄语“现已认定”曾经是卡瑙里语或者西喜马拉雅语言。向柏霖(2009)驳斥早期假说时通过该语言被认定为非羌语支语言称象雄语可能源于西藏东部而非西部。[5]
Widmer (2014)[6]:53-56将象雄语归入西喜马拉雅语支的东部语群,并给出下列象雄语和原始西喜马拉雅语的同源词。
词义 | 象雄语 | 原始西喜马拉雅语 |
---|---|---|
大麦 | zad | *zat |
蓝 | ting | *tiŋ- |
小称后缀 | -tse | *-tse ~ *-tsi |
耳 | ra tse | *re |
脂 | tsʰas | *tsʰos |
女孩 | tsa med | *tsamet |
神 | sad | *sat |
金? | zang | *zaŋ |
心 | she | *ɕe |
老 | shang ze | *ɕ(j)aŋ |
红 | mang | *maŋ |
白 | shi nom | *ɕi |
文字
玛钦文 Marchen | |
---|---|
类型 | |
语言 | 象雄语 |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Marc (332), Marchen |
Unicode | |
别名 | Marchen |
范围 | U+11C70–U+11CBF |
有多种文字被认为用来书写象雄语:[7]
- 玛钦文,或大言文字(藏語:སྨར་ཆེན,威利转写:smar chen)[8]
- 玛琼文,或小言文字(藏語:སྨར་ཆུང,威利转写:smar chung)
- 崩钦文,或大崩文字(藏語:སྤུངས་ཆེན,威利转写:spungs chen)
- 崩琼文,或小崩文字(藏語:སྤུངས་ཆུང,威利转写:spungs chung)
- Drusha文字(藏語:བྲུ་ཤ,威利转写:bru sha)
苯教上师夏察·扎西坚赞在西藏本教源流中认为,崩钦文、崩琼文是来自大食国的字母,分别演变出玛钦文、玛琼文,最后演变成藏文的有頭體与無頭體,然而这种说法缺少有力的旁证。[9] [10]
然而这些文字很少以书写方式之外的方式出现。其中一个现存的文献是原在祖卜寺的印章,使用玛钦文。[11]
Unicode
玛钦文于2016年6月被Unicode 9.0 标准收录。
玛钦文 Marchen[1][2] Unicode Consortium官方代码表(PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+11C7x | 𑱰 | 𑱱 | 𑱲 | 𑱳 | 𑱴 | 𑱵 | 𑱶 | 𑱷 | 𑱸 | 𑱹 | 𑱺 | 𑱻 | 𑱼 | 𑱽 | 𑱾 | 𑱿 |
U+11C8x | 𑲀 | 𑲁 | 𑲂 | 𑲃 | 𑲄 | 𑲅 | 𑲆 | 𑲇 | 𑲈 | 𑲉 | 𑲊 | 𑲋 | 𑲌 | 𑲍 | 𑲎 | 𑲏 |
U+11C9x | 𑲒 | 𑲓 | 𑲔 | 𑲕 | 𑲖 | 𑲗 | 𑲘 | 𑲙 | 𑲚 | 𑲛 | 𑲜 | 𑲝 | 𑲞 | 𑲟 | ||
U+11CAx | 𑲠 | 𑲡 | 𑲢 | 𑲣 | 𑲤 | 𑲥 | 𑲦 | 𑲧 | 𑲩 | 𑲪 | 𑲫 | 𑲬 | 𑲭 | 𑲮 | 𑲯 | |
U+11CBx | 𑲰 | 𑲱 | 𑲲 | 𑲳 | 𑲴 | 𑲵 | 𑲶 | |||||||||
注释 |
古象雄语
F. W. Thomas提出三部用藏文书写的未被破解的敦煌文献是以象雄语早期的形式书写的。这一鉴定得到了武内紹人的认同,他称其为“古象雄语”,并且补充了两份文献。[12]然而Dan Martin对于鉴定这些文本的语言为象雄语的变种的学说提出了疑问。
这些文献的其中两份收于不列颠图书馆斯坦因藏书书目中,另外三份收于法国国家图书馆贝希和藏书书目中。在不同情况下,写在与卷轴相反一侧的有价值的文本都包含了早期汉传佛教的文献。[12]用藏文书写的文献可追溯到8世纪末或9世纪初。武内和Nishida声称文献已部分破译,他们相信破译的部分是医学内容。[13]
参考资料
- ^ 象雄语 at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Zhangzhung. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Berzin, Alexander (2005). The Four Immeasurable Attitudes in Hinayana, Mahayana, and Bön. Study Buddhism. Source: [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (accessed: June 6, 2016)
- ^ Martin, Dan (n.d.). "Comparing Treasuries: Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga, or in Prajnaparamita Sutras: A progress report." 耶路撒冷大学. 来源:存档副本 (PDF). [2010-03-01]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-28). (accessed: Monday March 1, 2010)
- ^ Jacques, Guillaume. Zhangzhung and Qiangic Languages. Yasuhiko Nagano (编). Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics (PDF) . Senri Ethnological Studies 75. 2009: 121–130 [2017-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-26).
- ^ Widmer, Manuel. 2014. "A tentative classification of West Himalayish." In A descriptive grammar of Bunan, 33-56. Bern: University of Bern.
- ^ West, Andrew. N4032: Proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS (PDF). 30 April 2011 [2017-01-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-06).
- ^ West, Andrew. N4491: Final proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS (PDF). 2013-10-22 [2017-01-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-29).
- ^ 夏察·扎西坚赞. 西藏苯教源流. 北京: 民族出版社. 2003.
- ^ 萨尔吉. 藏文字母起源的再思考. 西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2010, (2) [2018-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-08).
- ^ West, Andrew. Zhang Zhung Royal Seal. 1 January 2008 [2017-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-12).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Tsuguhito Takeuchi. The Old Zhangzhung Manuscript Stein Or 8212/188. Christopher Beckwith (编). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Leiden: Brill. 2002: 1–11. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
- ^ Takeuchi, Tsuguhito; Nishida, Ai. The Present Stage of Deciphering Old Zhangzhung. Nagano, Yasuhiko (编). Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics (PDF) . Senri Ethnological Studies 75. 2009: 151–165.
延伸阅读
- Martin, Dan (n.d.). "Comparing Treasuries: Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga, or in Prajnaparamita Sutras: A progress report." University of Jerusalem.
- David Bradley (2002) "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman", in Chris Beckwith, Henk Blezer, eds., Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill.
- Martin, Dan. Zhang-zhung Dictionary. 2004.
- Haarh, Erik. The Zhang-zhung Language: A Grammar and Dictionary of the Unexplored Language of the Tibetan Bönpos. Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus og Munksgaard, 1968.
- Hummel, Seigbert and Guido Vogliotti, ed. and trans. On Zhang-zhung. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2000.
- Namgyal Nyima Dagkar. “Concise Analysis of Zhang Zhung Terms in the Documents of Dunhuang.” In Tibet, Past and Present: Tibetan Studies I, edited by Henk Blezer, Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, vol. 1, pp. 429–439. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
- Namgyal Nyima (Rnam rgyal nyi ma). Zhang-zhung – Tibetan – English Contextual Dictionary. Berlin, 2003. Description: This new dictionary of Zhangzhung terminology from the Bön tradition of Tibetan religion includes 3875 entries drawn from 468 sources. These entries include Tibetan and English definitions as well as the citation of passages in which they occur with full bibliographical information for these passages.