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User:Hidayetullah/沙盒6

< User:Hidayetullah
此用户页的主題是包括各个历史时期、各地区不同分支的波斯语。关于作为伊朗官方语言的现代波斯语，請見「新波斯语」。
Persian
Fārsi
فارسی‎
Fārsi written in Persian (Nastaʿlīq script)
发音[fɒːɾˈsiː]
母语国家和地区
母语使用人数
45 million (2007)[6] – 60 million （2009）[5]
(110 million total speakers)[5]
語系
早期形式
标准方言
其他方言
文字
官方地位
作为官方语言
管理机构
語言代碼
ISO 639-1fa
ISO 639-2per （B）
fas （T）
ISO 639-3fas——囊括代码（英语：ISO 639 macrolanguage）
各项代码：
pes – Western Persian
prs – Dari language (Afghan Persian)
tgk – Tajiki
aiq – Aimaq dialect
bhh – Bukhori dialect
haz – Hazaragi dialect
jpr – Judeo-Persian
phv – Pahlavani
deh – Dehwari
jdt – Judeo-Tat
ttt – Caucasian Tat
Glottologfars1254[7]
语言瞭望站
58-AAC (Wider Persian)
 > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
Areas with significant numbers of Persian speakers (including dialects)
  Countries where Persian is an official language
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Template:Contains Perso-Arabic text

Persian (/ˈpɜːrʒən/ or /ˈpɜːrʃən/), also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی‎ fārsi [fɒːɾˈsiː]  ( 發音)), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (officially known as Dari since 1958),[8] and Tajikistan (officially known as Tajiki since the Soviet era),[9] and some other regions which historically were Persianate societies and considered part of Greater Iran. It is written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script.

The Persian language is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire.[10][11][12] Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.[13] Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis (modern-day Fars Province), hence the name Persian (Farsi).[14] A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone.[15]

There are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia by the various empires based in the regions.[16]

Persian has had a considerable (mainly lexical) influence on neighboring languages, particularly the Turkic languages in Central Asia, Caucasus, and Anatolia, neighboring Iranian languages, as well as Armenian, Georgian, and Indo-Aryan languages, especially Urdu (a register of Hindustani). It also exerted some influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic,[17] while borrowing much vocabulary from it after the Arab conquest of Iran.[10][13][18][19][20][21][22]

With a long history of literature in the form of Middle Persian before Islam, Persian was the first language in the Muslim world to break through Arabic's monopoly on writing, and the writing of poetry in Persian was established as a court tradition in many eastern courts.[16] Some of the famous works of Persian literature are the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, the Divān of Hafez and the two miscellanea of prose and verse by Saadi Shirazi, the Gulistan and the Bustan.

波斯语（波斯语：زبان فارسی / Zabân-i Fârsî；英语：Persian language）所知）是印度 - 伊朗语言家族印度 - 伊朗分支中的西方伊朗语言之一。这主要是在伊朗，阿富汗（自1958年以来正式名叫达里）[8]和塔吉克斯坦（苏维埃时代以来正式名为塔吉克）[9]以及其他一些历史上是波斯尼亚社会的地区，并被认为是大部分地区的一部分伊朗。它是用波斯字母写的，是阿拉伯语脚本的修改版本。 波斯语被归类为中波斯，萨桑帝国的官方宗教和文学语言的延续，本身就是古代波斯语的延续，这是阿契美尼帝国的语言。[10] [11] [12]其语法与许多当代欧洲语言类似[13]波斯人的名字起源于阿契美尼亚帝国的Persis（现代法尔斯省），因此是波斯语（波斯语）。[14]波斯语的人可能被称为“扬声器”。[15] 全世界约有1.1亿波斯人，其语言在伊朗，阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦拥有正式地位。几个世纪以来，波斯语在西亚，中亚和南亚其他地区也是各地区各种帝国的着名文化语言。[16] 波斯语对相邻语言，特别是中亚，高加索和安纳托利亚，邻国伊朗语言以及亚美尼亚，格鲁吉亚和印度 - 雅利安语言的突厥语言（特别是乌尔都语）印度斯坦）。它也对阿拉伯语，特别是巴哈马语阿拉伯语[17]产生了一些影响，而在阿拉伯征服伊朗之后借用了很多词汇[10] [13] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] 波斯语在伊斯兰教之前以中波斯坦文学的悠久历史，是穆斯林世界中突破阿拉伯语写作垄断的第一语言，在波斯语中写诗作为法院传统，在许多东方法院被确立。 [16]一些着名的波斯文学作品是费尔多西的Shahnameh，Rumi的作品，Omar Khayyam的Rubaiyat，Nizami Ganjavi的Panj Ganj，Hafez的Divān以及Saadi Shirazi，Gulistan的散文和诗歌的两个错误和布斯坦。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins. Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher , 编. Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. 2012: 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3. 
  2. ^ IRAQ. [7 November 2014]. 
  3. ^ Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina. Islam in Post-Soviet Russia. Taylor & Francis. 2004: 27. ISBN 978-0-203-21769-6. : "Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds"
  4. ^ Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev. An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996. ISBN 978-0-313-29315-3. , p. 80: "The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)"
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
  6. ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  7. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Farsic – Caucasian Tat. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  8. ^ Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press, 1995. pg 205: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"
  9. ^ Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. , pg 518: "among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union"
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
  11. ^ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
  12. ^ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Richard Davis, "Persian" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, "Medieval Islamic Civilization", Taylor & Francis, 2006. pp. 602–603. "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages."Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi.
  14. ^ Persian or Farsi?. parents.berkeley.edu. [2016-02-27]. 
  15. ^ "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved September 2011.
  17. ^ Holes, Clive. Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. 2001. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. , p. XXX
  18. ^ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
  19. ^ Nushin Namazi. Persian Loan Words in Arabic. 24 November 2008 [1 June 2009]. 
  20. ^ Classe, Olive. Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. 2000: 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature. 
  21. ^ Ann K. S. Lambton, Persian grammar, Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".
  22. ^ Most similar languages to Persian, ezglot.com
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