User:Kevin88lue/沙盒

Kalotermitidae
	; Cryptotermes brevis
科學分類
界：	Animalia;
門：	Arthropoda;
綱：	Insecta;
目：	Blattodea;
下目：	Isoptera;
科：	Kalotermitidae; Froggatt, 1897
Genus
	see text;

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木白蟻科 (Kalotermitidae) 是白蟻的一個類群，俗名「乾木白蟻」。木白蟻科有21屬419種，分布於乾燥氣候的環熱帶地區。

生態

木白蟻科形態、築巢行為和社會行為都較為原始。和其他白蟻不同，木白蟻科不需要接觸土壤也能存活，他們取食木頭並居住在其中^[1]，巢體結構簡易^[2]。

乾木白蟻有特化的儲水機制。食物經過後腸時，後腸末端特化的腺體會從糞便中吸收水份，因此木白蟻能在乾燥的環境中存活，僅倚靠食物提供水份。木白蟻科的大顎含有鋅，可以更容易地取食堅硬的乾木^[3]。

木白蟻科取食乾木的習性使他們有能力成為經濟和都市害蟲，他們能取食家具、電線桿、倉儲木材和建築物。漂流木和國際木材貿易有利於乾木白蟻擴散^[4]。Cryptotermes brevis 在美國是嚴重的害蟲，分布於夏威夷、佛羅里達州及東南海岸。

繁殖

木白蟻科和其他白蟻一樣都是真社會性昆蟲，但是木白蟻科的階級發育比較彈性^[2]^[5]，而且它們沒有真工蟻 (true workers)，只有假工蟻 (pseudogates)，假工蟻可以繼續發育成兵蟻或繁殖型^[6]。假工蟻得以存在於木白蟻科中是因為白蟻為不完全變態昆蟲 (hemimetabolous)，它們沒有蛹這個階段來明確地畫分未成熟的「幼蟲」與成熟的「成蟲」，它們只是暫時擔任「工蟻」階級。從外型上看，假工蟻沒有翅芽 (wing buds)，而未成熟的「若蟲（未發育成熟的有翅型）」則具有翅芽^[5]。

有翅繁殖型會在氣溫 27 至 38°C 的暖和晴天分飛，它們會離開木頭並朝四面八方飛去。它們會被光吸引，會聚集在燈光附近，Cryptotermes brevis 會特別偏好波長 460 和 550 nm 的光^[7]。落地以後，它們四處摩擦把翅膀弄斷，繁殖型會成雙成對地築巢^[8]。

系統分類學

木白蟻科為低等白蟻 (lower termites)，低等白蟻為非正式的分類方式，腸道中除了細菌外還有共生原生動物的白蟻稱作低等白蟻，而沒有原生動物的白蟻稱作高等白蟻^[9]。除了白蟻科外，其他白蟻都是低等白蟻^[10]。近期支序學研究支持木白蟻科為單系群^[9]^[11]。

木白蟻科中屬上無更高級的分類階層^[4]，屬與屬之間的關係研究甚少，尚未明瞭^[2]。有限的分子生物學證據支持木白蟻屬 (Kalotermes ) 為木白蟻科的基群，因此木白蟻科有兩條主要分支，在木白蟻屬的分支上，木白蟻屬和角木白蟻屬 (Ceratokalotermes ) 為姊妹群，然而，這與先前依照形態做的支序樹相悖^[2]。

屬

參考文獻

^ Arnett, Ross H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. 2nd Edition.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Thompson, G. J.; Miller, L. R.; Lenz, M.; Crozier, R. H. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. December 2000, 17 (3): 419–429. PMID 11133196. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0852.
^ Nalepa, C. A. Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments. Ecological Entomology. August 2015, 40 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1111/een.12197.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Abe T, Bignell DE, and Higashi M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Noiot C. 1985. Pathways of Caste Development in the Lower Termites in "Caste Determination in Social Insects."
^ "Termite Larvae Info"
^ Ferreira, M.T.; Borges, P.A.; Scheffrahn, R.H. Attraction of alates of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to different light wavelengths in South Florida and the Azores. Journal of Economic Entomology. December 2012, 105 (6): 2213–2215. PMID 23356089. doi:10.1603/EC12240  .
^ Scheffrahn, R.H.; Su N. West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (报告). IFAS Extension. EENY079. University of Florida. 1999.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Inward DJ, Vogler AP, and Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.
^ Korb, J.; Hartfelder, K. Life history and development – a framework for understanding developmental plasticity in lower termites. Biological Reviews. August 2008, 83 (3): 295–313. PMID 18979593. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00044.x.
^ Legendre, F; Whiting, MF; Bordereau, C; Cancello, EM; Evans, TA; Grandcolas, P. The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. August 2008, 48 (2): 615–627. PMID 18502666. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.017.

外部連結

Description of an early Cretaceous termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) and its associated intestinal protozoa, with comments on their co-evolution.
Drywood Termite (Kalotermitidae) Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association with information on habits, habitat and prevention
Kalotermitidae on BugGuide.net
Kalotermitidae on the Tree of Life web project

[1] Arnett, Ross H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. 2nd Edition.

[Australia-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Thompson, G. J.; Miller, L. R.; Lenz, M.; Crozier, R. H. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. December 2000, 17 (3): 419–429. PMID 11133196. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0852.

[Nalepa-3] Nalepa, C. A. Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments. Ecological Entomology. August 2015, 40 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1111/een.12197.

[book-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Abe T, Bignell DE, and Higashi M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

[Noirot-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Noiot C. 1985. Pathways of Caste Development in the Lower Termites in "Caste Determination in Social Insects."

[6] "Termite Larvae Info"

[lights-7] Ferreira, M.T.; Borges, P.A.; Scheffrahn, R.H. Attraction of alates of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to different light wavelengths in South Florida and the Azores. Journal of Economic Entomology. December 2012, 105 (6): 2213–2215. PMID 23356089. doi:10.1603/EC12240  .

[8] Scheffrahn, R.H.; Su N. West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (报告). IFAS Extension. EENY079. University of Florida. 1999.

[Inward-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Inward DJ, Vogler AP, and Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.

[10] Korb, J.; Hartfelder, K. Life history and development – a framework for understanding developmental plasticity in lower termites. Biological Reviews. August 2008, 83 (3): 295–313. PMID 18979593. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00044.x.

[11] Legendre, F; Whiting, MF; Bordereau, C; Cancello, EM; Evans, TA; Grandcolas, P. The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. August 2008, 48 (2): 615–627. PMID 18502666. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.017.

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