草稿:引文

A quotation posted near Henry David Thoreau's cabin at Walden Pond

引文，或稱引言、引語等，是直接摘錄自其他作品的文字。和用自己的語言解釋相比，簡短摘引文字有時表達效果更佳，爭議也更少。本論述從文風、格式和版權角度，探討維基百科條目之引文使用準則。

與改述之差別

引文與改述

	引文	改述
定義	與原文一字不差，用引號或版式（如整塊縮進）專門標記	忠實與原文，但用維基百科編輯自己的話組織
一字不差嗎？	是：一般原樣複製，未遭編輯；调整之处（如更正节删）有清晰说明	否：忠實轉達原始出處的意思，但換種說法表述
有專門標記嗎？	是：用引號或特殊格式清晰標明引文始末	否：不在行文中特別標明

無論引文還是改述，都要引用可靠來源。

引文實例

1. This attitude to art and life can be summarized by Wilde's maxim, "When a truth becomes a fact it loses all its intellectual value."
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, FooBarCo executive Pat Chung issued a statement that "Our entire legal department reviewed the plan before launch; they were certain then and now that it raises no racketeering red-flags of any kind."
3. A McMaster University research team lead by geneticist Sam D. McNabb, working with embryos from seven different species, published a paper in Nature in 2015, reporting that: "The gene we have isolated is almost certainly responsible for triggering embryonic differentiation of the cells that eventually become the mammalian cochlea." Although awaiting further testing to confirm it beyond the placental mammals used in the research to date, with cochlear experiments on platypus and wallaby scheduled for 2016, the study concluded that "a different gene for this in monotremes or marsupials is highly improbable".

Paraphrasing examples

"Stated", "said", and "wrote" imply a fairly direct paraphrase, of a specific party (how direct may depend on whether the original material is creative or hypothesizing, versus purely factual):

1. This attitude to art and life was expressed by Oscar Wilde, who said that truths lose their intellectual value when they become facts.
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, executive Pat Chung stated that FooBarCo's legal department had reviewed the plan for any possible violations of the law, and found none.
3. A Canadian research team wrote in a 2015 Nature paper that they have likely isolated the gene that triggers embryonic cochlear cell differentiation, in placental mammals and probably throughout the zoological class.

Other less precise words usually have a less strict interpretation (but see WP:Manual of Style/Words to watch, with regard to "claimed", "alleged", and other often "loaded" terms):

1. This post-modernist attitude to art and life can be expressed in the truth-info-fact maxim, that a widely held but unproven "truth", which may have a rich history of philosophical interpretation, may lose its intellectual value by the time research has reduced it to a mere fact, which may be verified yet excised from its cultural context.
2. In response to the RICO Act allegations, FooBarCo indicated that its legal department had cleared the plan.
3. A Nature paper announced in 2015 the identification of the gene thought to initiate cochlear development.

注意，最後的例子中（可選的）引用位置的重新安排表明該來源是確定的，但措辭是維基百科對其他來源材料的總結和/或整合。這對於任何進行研究的讀者來說是一種善意的提示，表明他們可能需要查看原始來源以獲得更詳細的信息，因為這些信息在原始上下文中可能更具意義。這也是一種善意的方式，幫助其他編輯評估文章以決定他們是否需要檢查這種語境化（無論是通過整合、壓縮措辭，還是省略細節）是否展現了正確的來源解釋，並且沒有原創的分析或總結。

通則

更多信息：Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources

引文有助遵守非原創研究方針，但要小心濫用。引文必須由可靠來源支持，出處可供查證。關於引文出處標明的要求，請參見 WP:MOSQUOTE和WP:CITE。出處應該在條目行文中標明，而不是單純堆到註腳或參考區。讀者可不會專程為此翻查註腳。

無來源引文可以即刻移除，但我們更歡迎您認真尋找來源（WP:UNSOURCED和WP:PRESERVE）。如果引文沒有爭議、不違反WP:BLP，您可以暫且標記「來源請求」。若無人提供引用，您亦尋求無果，刪除引文便是。

引文要忠實於原作整體。編輯援引材料時應謹慎，以免斷章取義，曲解原作思想意圖。

百科全書的語調是中立、冷靜的。用修辭語言的印文取代百科語調，可能是暗用非中立的方法處理爭議話題。編者要小心謹慎。我們鼓勵收納使用可靠來源，無論其有偏見與否。然而有偏見和特定立場的內容必須有引用可靠來源；此類內容還要引起並明示歸屬，以免被誤解為維基百科的觀點。我們「中立的觀點」方針已經指出，編者不應刪減、省略、中和/淡化、過度強調來源，以免內容與來源出處相左。

自由版權和公有領域材料雖無侵權之虞，但為避免抄襲，編者仍需加入引號並示明原作者。至少，文本必須表明歸屬，並給出註腳或連結指示原始材料。版權資料的引文長度受「合理使用」規制，具體詳見下文；自由版權和公有領域的材料無此限制，引文多可更長。

Formatting

参见：WP:COMMA

Do not put quotations in italics unless the quoted material would otherwise call for italics, such as for emphasis and the use of non-English words (see the Manual of Style). Indicate whether italics were used in the original text or whether they were added later. For example:

Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest! [emphasis added]

引文必须清楚地表示。短引言用弯双引号或直角單引號引起（“引文”或「引文」）；长引言使用HTML标签“<blockquote>引用文字</blockquote>”或{{Quote}}等模板。英文维基百科建议的长短分界是40词。后者无需加入引号，因为已经<blockquote>和{{quote}}已经表达引用语义。

如果引文中還有引文，內層引文應使用弯单引号或直角雙引號包圍。如：

川島芳子稱，「蘇格拉底說過『如果没有莱特兄弟发明电脑，我们就没有办法享受今天如此智能化的生活』」。

引號的詳細要求，特別是引號套嵌的用法，請參見引號格式手冊。

Any alterations to quoted material must be clearly marked. Use square brackets [like this] for elided text or for added emphasis. Examples:

• Police officer Dave Generic said, "Never in my life have I ever seen such a scruffy bunch of hoodlums" might be elided thus:
  • Police officer Dave Generic said, "[I've never] seen such a scruffy bunch of hoodlums".

Square brackets are also used to indicate an ellipsis (...) that is not part of the original material; for example:

• Dave Generic's wife Davina said, "Poor Dave's been so busy this week, he's been chasing gangsters from Norwich to Truro and he hasn't had a day off since January. He deserves a pay rise." might be elided to:
  • Dave Generic's wife Davina said, "Poor Dave's been so busy this week [...] he deserves a pay rise". (see WP:ELLIPSIS for details),

Square brackets are also used to identify added emphasis. For example:

• According to Horatio in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!" [emphasis added].

Unexpected errors, imperfections and styles can be marked with "（原文如此）" using the template {{sic}} to identify an error in the original source that has not been introduced by a Wikipedia editor. Trivial spelling or typographical errors that do not affect the intended meaning may be silently corrected. To identify emphasis in the original source, use [emphasis in the original].

Quotations should generally be worked into the article text to avoid interrupting the pace, flow and organization of the article. Longer quotations may need to be set apart using the wikitext template {{Quote}} or the HTML blockquote element. Long quotations may also be hidden in the reference or as a footnote to facilitate verification by other editors without sacrificing readability.

建議用法

引文有時勝過普通文字。例如：

• 涉及爭議話題時。依照WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV方針，偏见声明必須由表明归属。引文是表明歸屬的最直接手段。爭議話題相關編者要注意，極富爭議觀點必須出自實際的語音或書面材料，而不能是「出自維基百科」。
• 作者自創的獨特短語或術語。 比如Oscar Wilde的妙語「The unspeakable in pursuit of the uneatable」。

濫用

主页面：Non-free content

引文是維基百科不可或缺的一部分，但編者要小心不要「濫用」。小說新聞中會有輕鬆、情緒化的語言，這種文風不適合在維基百科中出現，此時編者可用引文體現這一風格。長引文喧賓奪主，擠佔條目本身的空間。編者利用上下文，結合適當的描述，可以大幅縮減直接引文。在能做到的情況下，摘要或轉述往往勝過直接照搬原文。解釋內容和擷取小段文字是縮短引文長度的兩大手段。如果沒有法律和合理性問題問題，則引文長度不受限制，但引文不應成為條目內容的主心骨。

濫用的表現：

• 引文使用沒有相關性，即在條目中出現，但沒有任何解釋說明；
• 改述能解釋要點時卻使用引文；
• 引用成為條目或章節的主體。

具體建議

• 大量引文非百科全書文風。
• 引文不應取代直白、簡潔的文字。撰寫條目時，請將引文和其解說內容穿插結合，不要摘引大量文字卻鮮有評註。
• 長引文或可用註腳列出，兼顧可讀性與查證性。
• 不要原創研究，加入與主體或說明事項無直接關係的引文。
• 一般不宜使用引用框。這可能吸引讀者注意力，讓他們產生維基百科欽點某一來源觀點的錯覺——這有違反中立觀點方針之虞。
• 不要單獨設立語錄章節。我們有維基語錄站台；編者可以用{{Wikiquote}}模板提示讀者，該站台有相關語錄。
• 給引文插入連結要保守。

版權材料與合理使用

必須摘引有版權的文字時，請遵守「抄襲」和「合理使用」指引的要求。禁止過度引用版權文字。

雖然摘引文字屬於未經版權持有人授權而複製，但美國法律合理使用規則通常允許引文。然而和合理使用圖像一樣，合理使用文字也受到規制：

• 複製內容不能佔所引用材料的「大量部分」；且傳遞同樣資訊時，能使用短引文就不得使用長引文。是否屬於大量要看諸多因素，例如原作品長度、引文之於作品的相關性和重要性。極端案例Harper & Row诉Nation Enterprises中，從500頁的書籍中引用400詞就被判為侵權。法院的理據是，這400詞涉及極富爭議的突發新聞，在發售前釋出精華內容嚴重損害全書價值。由此可見，維基百科不應摘引未發售的書籍。簡短引用符合方針，過量引用則不然。希望編輯做出正確判斷。
• 引用需輔助理解主體，無關引用應當移除。
• 凡引用必須註明出處。

與合理使用圖像不同，引文可以在非條目中出現。但上述要求引文必須遵守。

一个特殊的情况是在用户页上纯粹为了兴趣或装饰目的而使用引文。用戶頁處於興趣或裝飾加入的引文比較特殊。共識同意有限使用引文，特別是在其反應用戶態度的情況下。不過這種合理使用理據較弱，使用範圍限制更為嚴格。

公有領域或以CC BY-SA協議釋出的文字版權不是問題，引用這些文字不必合理使用。此時引文只需考慮文風問題。

參考中的引文

参见：Template:Citation Style documentation/quote

參考文獻如需列出引文，可以填寫|quote=參數。編者可考慮在參考資料中直接摘引，避免引文流入條目正文。