三军情报局在阿富汗的活动

三军情报局在阿富汗的活动
三军情报局在阿富汗的活动
苏阿战争、旋风行动、阿富汗冲突和阿富汗战争 (2001年－2021年)的一部分
规模	战略战术
地点	阿富汗
日期	1975年至今

巴基斯坦三军情报局（ISI）被指控自1979年苏联入侵阿富汗之前，就一直密切参与阿富汗的秘密军事情报项目。ISI在阿富汗的第一次行动发生在1975年。^[1]这是“对阿富汗共和国代理人战争的报复暨对巴基斯坦武装分子的支持”。^[2]^[3]1975年之前，三军情报局没有在阿富汗开展任何行动，直到阿富汗共和国对巴基斯坦进行了长达十年的代理战争、对武装分子的支持以及1960年和1961年巴焦尔特区的武装入侵之后，巴基斯坦才进行报复。^[4]后来在80年代，“旋风行动”中的三军情报局系统地协调了美国中央情报局向阿富汗圣战者派系提供的武器和财政手段的分发，如古勒卜丁·希克马蒂亚尔的阿富汗伊斯兰党和艾哈迈德·沙阿·马苏德的部队，后者的部队后来被称为北方联盟。苏联撤退后，不同的圣战派别互相攻击，无法达成权力分享协定，导致内战。美国、三军情报局和巴基斯坦总理班娜姬·布托领导的巴基斯坦政府成为赫克马蒂亚尔1992-1994年轰炸阿富汗伊斯兰国和首都喀布尔的主要支持来源。

人们普遍认为，在赫克马蒂亚尔未能接管阿富汗政权后，三军情报局帮助成立了阿富汗塔利班。三军情报局和巴基斯坦军方的其他部门随后向塔利班提供财政、后勤、军事和直接战斗支持，直至2001年9月11日袭击。人们普遍承认，三军情报局为阿富汗塔利班在巴基斯坦境内提供了安全避难所，并在九一一事件后帮助他们，特别是哈卡尼网络在阿富汗境内发动袭击，支持塔利班在阿富汗的复兴。巴基斯坦官员否认这一指控。国际政府官员、政策分析人士甚至巴基斯坦军方官员都提出指控，称三军情报局与军方领导层也为基地组织提供了一定程度的支持和庇护。2011年，基地组织头目奥萨马·本·拉登在巴基斯坦都市阿伯塔巴德被杀时，此类指控越来越多。

参考资料

^ Kiessling, Hein. Unity, Faith and Discipline: The Inter-Service Intelligence of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. 2016. The era of ISI action in Afghanistan now began. A first large scale operation in 1975 was encouragement of large scale rebellion in the Panjshir valley.
^ Houèrou, Fabienne La. Humanitarian Crisis and International Relations 1959-2013. Bentham Science Publisher. 2014: 150. The president Khan revived adversarial stance not only toward Pakistan, but to the sponsor, USSR. First Daoud Khan set off proxy war in Pakistan, but in retaliation faced growing Islamic fundamentalists movement within Afghanistan
^ Newton, Michael. Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: 106. By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
^ Tomsen, Peter. The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflict and the Failure of Great Powers. Hachette UK. 2013. In 1960, Daoud sent Afghan troops disguised as tribesmen into Pakistan's Bajaur tribal agency north west of Peshawar. The intrusion into the area where durrand line was not very well defined, was driven back by local Bajaur Pashtun tribe who opposed any interference in their affair from Afghanistan or Pakistan. In 1961, Daoud organized larger, more determined Afghan incursion into Bajaur. This time Pakistan employed American supplied F-86 Sabres jets against Afghans, inflicting heavy casualties on Afghan army unit and tribesmen from Konar accompanying them. To Daoud's embarrassment, several Afghan regular captured inside Pakistan were paraded before the international media.

[1] Kiessling, Hein. Unity, Faith and Discipline: The Inter-Service Intelligence of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. 2016. The era of ISI action in Afghanistan now began. A first large scale operation in 1975 was encouragement of large scale rebellion in the Panjshir valley.

[2] Houèrou, Fabienne La. Humanitarian Crisis and International Relations 1959-2013. Bentham Science Publisher. 2014: 150. The president Khan revived adversarial stance not only toward Pakistan, but to the sponsor, USSR. First Daoud Khan set off proxy war in Pakistan, but in retaliation faced growing Islamic fundamentalists movement within Afghanistan

[3] Newton, Michael. Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: 106. By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

[4] Tomsen, Peter. The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflict and the Failure of Great Powers. Hachette UK. 2013. In 1960, Daoud sent Afghan troops disguised as tribesmen into Pakistan's Bajaur tribal agency north west of Peshawar. The intrusion into the area where durrand line was not very well defined, was driven back by local Bajaur Pashtun tribe who opposed any interference in their affair from Afghanistan or Pakistan. In 1961, Daoud organized larger, more determined Afghan incursion into Bajaur. This time Pakistan employed American supplied F-86 Sabres jets against Afghans, inflicting heavy casualties on Afghan army unit and tribesmen from Konar accompanying them. To Daoud's embarrassment, several Afghan regular captured inside Pakistan were paraded before the international media.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]