新西班牙总督辖区
新西班牙总督辖区（西班牙语：Virreinato de Nueva España IPA：[birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]），是西班牙帝国管理北美洲和菲律宾的殖民地总督辖地，首府位于墨西哥城。新西班牙总督的管辖范围包含今墨西哥、中美洲（除巴拿马）、美国加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州、科罗拉多州、亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州、得克萨斯州、今日加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚的西南部，加上危地马拉都督府（包括今日的危地马拉、墨西哥恰帕斯州、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼亚加拉瓜）和古巴都督府（包含今日的古巴、墨西哥恰帕斯州、伯利兹、多米尼加、特立尼达和多巴哥、波多黎各和瓜地洛普），以及亚洲的菲律宾都督府（包含今日的菲律宾、关岛、加罗林群岛、马里亚纳群岛、西属艾尔摩莎和德那第苏丹国）。
新西班牙总督辖区 Virreinato de Nueva España（西班牙语） | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1521年—1821年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 新西班牙首府墨西哥市的市徽
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| 格言：Plus Ultra（拉丁语） 通向更远方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 国歌：《皇家进行曲》 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙勃艮第十字旗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 1795年，西班牙帝国殖民地最盛疆域。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 西班牙帝国之总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 墨西哥城 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 常用语言 | 西班牙语（官方） 其他语言：法语、纳瓦特语、玛雅语、美洲原住民语言、菲律宾语、台湾原住民语言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 宗教 | 罗马天主教 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 西班牙国王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1556 | 卡洛斯一世 （首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1813－1821 | 费尔南多七世（末任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 总督 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1550 | 安东尼奥·德·门多萨（首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 胡安·奥多诺胡（行政长官） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 立法机构 | 印度议会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 历史时期 | 殖民时期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 征服阿兹特克 | 1519–1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 总督辖区成立 | 1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1717年5月27日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1739年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 圣伊德方索条约 | 1800年10月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1819年2月22日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 西班牙立宪革命废止了新西班牙总督辖区 | 1820年5月31日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1821年1810年－ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1519年 | 2000万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1810年 | 500到650万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 货币 | 西班牙殖民雷亚尔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 今属于 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1535年后，殖民地开始由新西班牙总督实行君权统治，总督由西班牙国王指派。首府设在墨西哥城。[1][2]
新西班牙的领土有些被其他欧洲强权夺取，有些独立建国，而其核心区域则一直在西班牙统治下，直到1821年独立成墨西哥第一帝国，该帝国解体后成为今日的墨西哥和中美洲。新西班牙的行政区划高度在地化，其分区以气候、地形、原住民人口密度进行划分。墨西哥中部与南部原住民人口密度高，拥有复杂的社会、政治和经济组织。墨西哥北部的原住民则是游牧或半游牧民族，本来无法发展成密集人口的社会。然而1540年代于萨卡特卡斯发现了银矿后，开始涌入更多的定居人口。银矿不只是新西班牙的经济命脉，同时也是西班牙快速致富的关键，改变了全球经济。新西班牙是菲律宾贸易在新世界的终点站，使得该地成为西班牙新世界帝国与亚洲帝国之间的重要连接点。
新西班牙王国与西班牙王位之间的关系
1521年，西班牙人征服了阿兹特克帝国后，建立了新西班牙王国这个新世界王国。由于伊莎贝拉一世资助了美洲的探险活动，因此新西班牙国王的头衔属于西班牙君主。[3][4]虽然新西班牙为西班牙的附属地，然而名义上并非殖民地而是一个“王国”，其王位附属在西班牙王位之下[5]。君主在海外领地中有至高无上的权力。
国王并不仅仅拥有统治权，还拥有所有权：对于美洲领地中的一切财产，国王拥有绝对的所有权；政治上则是独揽大权的统治者。一切的特权、职位﹑经济政治或宗教都是由国王掌控。[5]
新西班牙总督辖区1535年在新西班牙王国中建立。是西班牙第一个拥有的总督辖区，也是18世纪波旁改革前仅有的两个总督辖区之一。
历史
在1521年之前，西班牙尚未征服阿兹特克帝国时，西班牙人在加勒比海群岛及其周边地区进行的探险和拓荒，在政治上、战略上、或甚至经济上都不具重要性。然而西班牙人于这些在加勒比地区先行的探险、征服、拓垦和直辖统治，不但颇具成效，且深远影响着周边地区，例如墨西哥和秘鲁。[6] 西班牙人所控制的中部美洲当地社会，比起他们在加勒比地区所遇见的社会更加复杂且富裕。对卡斯蒂利亚王权而言，既是重要的机会也是潜在的威胁，因为征服者不受王权约束，而独自行动。这些中美洲当地社会提供了如同埃尔南·科尔特斯这样的征服者自治的基础，甚至从王权中独立出来。
行政区划
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相关条目
参考文献
引用
- ^ Haring (1947)
- ^ Altman，Cline & Pescador (2003)
- ^ Haring (1947), pp. 7, 105
- ^ Liss (1975), p. 33
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Haring (1947), p. 7
- ^ Lockhart & Schwartz (1983), pp. 61-85
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- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1974)
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外部链接
- MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA—PART I: The Settlement of New Spain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at mexconnect.com
- Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Texas A&M University
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