肺栓塞[1]pulmonary embolism,PE)是体循环的各种栓子(内源性或外源性栓子)阻塞肺动脉或其分支,从而引起肺循环呼吸功能障碍的一组疾病或临床综合征肺血栓栓塞[2][3](pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)为最常见的肺栓塞,其为来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病,全名肺动脉血栓栓塞[4][5](pulmonary artery thromboembolism)。

Pulmonary embolism
肺部的计算机断层成像显示出肺栓塞(箭头所指处)
症状Hampton hump[*]Westermark sign[*]
类型pulmonary artery disease[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
医学专科心脏内科、​血液学、​胸腔医学
ICD-11BB00
ICD-10I26
ICD-9-CM415.1
DiseasesDB10956
MedlinePlus000132
eMedicinemed/1958 emerg/490 radio/582
MeSHD011655
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

肺栓塞一般指急性肺动脉栓塞[6],少数为慢性肺动脉栓塞[7]。肺栓塞的症状有呼吸困难、吸气时胸痛,以及咳血等等[8],也可能会出现下肢静脉血栓的症状,使下肢产生、肿、痛等情形[8]。肺栓塞的症状有氧气浓度降低、呼吸急促心跳加速,以及些微发热[9]。严重的病例可能会出现昏厥休克,甚至猝死[10]

肺栓塞时常肇因于下肢血栓行至肺部[1]。而血栓形成的风险因子有罹患癌症或某些遗传疾病、卧床英语Bed rest过久、吸烟中风、使用激素替代疗法怀孕、患有肥胖、曾接受过某些手术[11]。有些案例的肺栓塞是由气泡脂肪栓塞羊水所造成的[12][13]。诊断时需要结合临床症状及检验结果来做确诊[14]。如果风险较低,可以检测D-dimer英语D-dimer来排除可能的情形[14]肺血管电脑断层摄影英语CT pulmonary angiography肺脏血流灌注扫描英语lung ventilation/perfusion scan,或照腿部超声波等等[14]深静脉栓塞与肺栓塞可以合称为静脉血栓栓塞英语venous thromboembolism(venous thromboembolism,VTE)[15]

预防肺栓塞发生有以下方法,如术后尽快活动、久坐时进行腿部运动,在某些手术后使用抗凝剂[16]。治疗时需搭配使用抗凝剂,像是肝素华法林或是某种直接口服抗凝血剂(简称为 DOACs)[17]等,以上皆建议至少使用三个月[17]。严重的病例可能需要血栓溶解英语thrombolysis用药,例如经由静脉或插导管给抗凝血药组织纤维溶酶原活化剂英语Tissue plasminogen activator(简称为 tPA)或是接受手术(如 肺栓塞取栓术英语Pulmonary thrombectomy[18] 。如果病患状况不适合使用抗凝剂,可考虑使用暂时性下腔静脉过滤器英语vena cava filter[18]

欧洲,一年约有 43 万人罹患肺栓塞[19],在美国,一年约有 30 到 60 万名病例[1][20],其中约有 5 万[20]到 20 万起致死案例[21],男女患病比例几乎均等[11]。随着年龄增加,罹患此症越见普遍[11]


参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 What Is Pulmonary Embolism?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于12 March 2016). 
  2. ^ Goggs, Robert, et al. "Pulmonary thromboembolism." Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 19.1 (2009): 30-52.
  3. ^ Sasahara, Arthur A., et al. "Pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis and treatment." Jama 249.21 (1983): 2945-2950.
  4. ^ Rittoo, Dylmitr, and George R. Sutherland. "Acute pulmonary artery thromboembolism treated with thrombolysis: diagnostic and monitoring uses of transoesophageal echocardiography." Heart 69.5 (1993): 457-459.
  5. ^ CIVELEK, A. CAHID M.D.,*; WANG, ERIC A. M.D.,*; BARR, LINDA M.D.,†; URBAN, BRUCE A. M.D.*; ENG, JOHN M.D.*. Asymptomatic Large Main Pulmonary Artery Thromboembolism with a Low-Probability Ventilation–Perfusion Lung Scan. Clin Nuclear Med 26(3):p 216-220, March 2001.
  6. ^ Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010, 363(3): 266-274.
  7. ^ Nishiyama KH, Saboo SS, Tanabe Y, Jasinowodolinski D, Landay MJ, Kay FU. Chronic pulmonary embolism: diagnosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2018;8(3):253-271. doi:10.21037/cdt.2018.01.09
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于9 March 2016). 
  9. ^ Tintinalli JE. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)) 7. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. 2010: 432. ISBN 978-0-07-148480-0. 
  10. ^ Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary thromboembolism. Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 16th. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2005: 1561–65. ISBN 978-0-07-139140-5. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于15 February 2016). 
  12. ^ What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2016). 
  13. ^ Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M. Amniotic fluid embolism: review. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2014, 14 (14): 1163–7. PMID 24804726. doi:10.2174/1389201015666140430161404. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2016). 
  15. ^ Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于16 March 2016). 
  16. ^ How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2016). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. February 2016, 149 (2): 315–352. PMID 26867832. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?. NHLBI. July 1, 2011 [12 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于9 March 2016). 
  19. ^ Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, et al. Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. November 2014, 34 (11): 2363–71. PMID 25304324. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD. Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management. Current Problems in Cardiology. February 2005, 30 (2): 61–114. PMID 15650680. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001. 
  21. ^ Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN. Basic Pathology. New Delhi: Elsevier. 2010: 98. ISBN 978-81-312-1036-9. 
医疗科学 - 医学 - 血液学 - 编辑
骨髓恶性肿瘤白血球
淋巴系统: 淋巴型白血病 (急性、 慢性) | 淋巴瘤 (何杰金氏病、 非何杰金氏淋巴瘤) | 淋巴增殖性病变 | 骨髓癌 (多发性骨髓癌、 质浆细胞瘤
骨髓: 骨髓性白血病 (急性、 慢性) | 骨髓增殖性疾病 (原发性血小板增多症、 红血球增多症) | 骨髓成形不良综合征 | 骨髓纤维化 | 嗜中性白血球过低症
红血球
贫血 | 血色病 | 镰刀型红血球疾病 | 地中海贫血 | 溶血反应 | 再生不良性贫血 | 蚕豆症 | 遗传性球形红细胞增多症 | 遗传性椭圆形红血球增多症 | 其他血红蛋白病
凝血因子血小板
血栓形成 | 深静脉血栓形成 | 肺栓塞 | 血友病 | 自发性血小板缺乏紫斑症 | 血栓性血小板缺乏紫斑症 | 弥散性血管内凝血