塔基亚

塔基亚（阿拉伯语：تقیة‎，罗马化：taqiyyah/taqīyah）指穆斯林出于保护自己的性命或财产，而假装信奉一种自己不相信的教派，或进行一桩自己认为不正确的工作^[1]。对教外的欺瞒为塔基亚，但对教内的恶意欺瞒则属伪信者。

伊斯兰教不同派别对使用该原则的严格程度相差很大。什叶派认为信徒在面临威胁和迫害时可以隐瞒自己的信仰。^[2]^[3]大多数什叶派信徒主张即使受到小小的威胁，或者为了达成小小的愿望，便不惜伪装叛教。^[4] 哈瓦利吉派认为，同宗教信仰相比，生命、名誉，财产都毫无价值，因此反对在信仰上妥协。甚至认为，一个人在家礼拜祈祷的时候，若遇小偷前来偷窃，也不能中断礼拜的仪式。逊尼派相对中庸，认为在特定情况下否认信仰“至多是可以容许，而在任何情况都不是有义务要这样做”^[5]，主张坚定自己的信仰，如生命及财产受到威胁，就应该迁到别的地方去；若无力迁移，可以在不得已时暂时迁就，但仍应设法带着自己的宗教信仰迁到外地去。^[4] 但不论何派，塔基亚原则只能作为外界迫害下的防御性手段，不得用作进攻。亦不容许拒绝改宗伊斯兰的齐米故意假冒穆斯林身分的行为。

伊比利亚半岛的穆斯林国家在1492年被基督徒征服后，在16世纪，西班牙穆斯林被强迫改信基督教或是被驱逐出境。塔基亚使当地的穆斯林可以在表面上假装已改信成为基督徒，而内心仍然信奉伊斯兰教。1504年，奥兰的一位穆夫提发出了教令，容许穆斯林广泛使用塔基亚以保存他们的信仰。^[6]^[7]^[8]虽然伊斯兰法没有禁止穆斯林在生命面临极大危险时放弃信仰，不过在可行的情况下必须尽快回复为穆斯林。^[9]又在伊斯兰中，塔基亚与权宜之计（如伊斯兰征服者将有经者的吉兹亚用于多神教的印度）是两个概念，权宜之计并非皆为塔基亚，但两者均可以容许而不算违法且皆为暂时性措施。

到1990年代，基地组织开始鼓吹它招揽的恐怖分子在策划袭击西方人目标期间使用塔基亚，引起反恐专家关注。^[10]21世纪兴起的恐怖组织伊斯兰国也在其刊物中指出“烈士”可以使用塔基亚掩饰自己的真正信仰，以避免被执法当局注意。^[11]

古兰经经文解释

“塔基亚”一词的意义衍生自《古兰经》第3章第28条中关于隐瞒信仰的内容：

信道的人，不可舍同教而以外教为盟友；谁犯此禁令，谁不得真主的保佑，除非你们对他们有所畏惧（而假意应酬）。真主使你们防备他自己，真主是最后的归宿。
——马坚译，古兰经3:28

此外，《古兰经》第16章第106条也提到了被迫隐瞒信仰的行为。

既信真主之后，又表示不信者——除非被迫宣称不信、内心却为信仰而坚定者——为不信而心情舒畅者将遭天谴，并受重大的刑罚。
——马坚译，古兰经16：106

参见

秘密穆斯林（英语：Crypto-Islam）
蒙混

参考文献

^ 東西方的人生智慧觀. 天道书楼. 2005 [2015-09-09]. ISBN 9622086535. （原始内容存档于2019-08-10）.
^ "Taqiyah" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^ 十葉派. [2017-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-10）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 爱敏, 艾哈迈德. 《阿拉伯-伊斯兰文化史》第一册. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1990: 291.
^ R. Strothmann. Takkiyya. P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 10 2nd. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2000: 134–135. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
^ Stewart, Devin (编). Primary Documents on Islam and the Reconquista. Teaching Materials. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University. [6 August 2012]. （原始内容存档于2004-09-08）.
^ Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1998: 219–220 [26 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-300-07522-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
^ Miller, Kathryn A. Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain. New York: Columbia University Press. 2008: 114 [27 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-231-13612-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）. Unlike the majority of Maliki scholars before him, he openly embraced the idea of a Mudejar jihad that was bound to the notion of inner steadfastness under persecution...
^ Kraemer, Joel L. Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. New York: Doubleday. 2010: 100–101 [26 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-385-51200-8. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）. A responsum (fatwa) by 'Ubaydallah al-Wahrani, issued in December 1504, permitted [the Moriscos] to exercise prudent dissimulation (taqiyya) by pretending to be Christians. ... The Moriscos' behavior was exceptional, however, and a departure from a general Islamic norm – Muslims may not convert to another religion unless their lives are in mortal danger, and then they must end their new status as quickly as possible.
^ Taqiyya, or the terrorist ‘art of deception'. France 24. 2013-03-14 [2015-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-14）.
^ Joints, beer but little religion in lives of Paris attack brothers. news.yahoo.com. 2015-11-19 [2015-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-19）. Under this strategy, set out in manuals published by the Islamic State group in Syria and Iraq, would-be "martyrs" can smoke cannabis or blaspheme to hide their religion from the authorities.

[1] 東西方的人生智慧觀. 天道书楼. 2005 [2015-09-09]. ISBN 9622086535. （原始内容存档于2019-08-10）.

[2] "Taqiyah" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.

[3] 十葉派. [2017-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-10）.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 爱敏, 艾哈迈德. 《阿拉伯-伊斯兰文化史》第一册. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1990: 291.

[STROT-5] R. Strothmann. Takkiyya. P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 10 2nd. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2000: 134–135. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.

[6] Stewart, Devin (编). Primary Documents on Islam and the Reconquista. Teaching Materials. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University. [6 August 2012]. （原始内容存档于2004-09-08）.

[7] Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1998: 219–220 [26 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-300-07522-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.

[Miller2008-114-8] Miller, Kathryn A. Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain. New York: Columbia University Press. 2008: 114 [27 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-231-13612-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）. Unlike the majority of Maliki scholars before him, he openly embraced the idea of a Mudejar jihad that was bound to the notion of inner steadfastness under persecution...

[9] Kraemer, Joel L. Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. New York: Doubleday. 2010: 100–101 [26 May 2011]. ISBN 978-0-385-51200-8. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）. A responsum (fatwa) by 'Ubaydallah al-Wahrani, issued in December 1504, permitted [the Moriscos] to exercise prudent dissimulation (taqiyya) by pretending to be Christians. ... The Moriscos' behavior was exceptional, however, and a departure from a general Islamic norm – Muslims may not convert to another religion unless their lives are in mortal danger, and then they must end their new status as quickly as possible.

[10] Taqiyya, or the terrorist ‘art of deception'. France 24. 2013-03-14 [2015-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-14）.

[11] Joints, beer but little religion in lives of Paris attack brothers. news.yahoo.com. 2015-11-19 [2015-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-19）. Under this strategy, set out in manuals published by the Islamic State group in Syria and Iraq, would-be "martyrs" can smoke cannabis or blaspheme to hide their religion from the authorities.

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