說明:挪威語國際音標

下表顯示在維基條目中的一些挪威語的內容如何使用國際音標發音。這裏使用的口音是城市東挪威語英語Urban East Norwegian這種口音使用於奧斯陸地區,是書面挪威語的非官方發音標準,也是外國人最常學習的口音。關於發音的詳細資訊請參見挪威語音系學英語Norwegian phonology

輔音
IPA 例子 最接近的英文等價發音
b bil bee
ç kjip huge 類似
d dag day
ɖ sardin[1] 捲舌/d/
ʁd (無等價英文發音)
f fot foot
ɡ god good
h hatt hat
j jojo yoyo
k kafé café
l lake lack
little
ɭ Karl[1] 捲舌的 /l/
ʁl (無等價英文發音)
m man man
n natt night
natten chosen
ɳ barn[1] 捲舌的 /n/
ʁn (無等價英文發音)
ɳ̍ baren
ŋ ting thing
p pappa papa
r år[1][2] 閃音顫音的「r」。
ʁ 法語:rester;大約跟蘇格蘭英語 loch 相似
ɽ 西班牙語Caro相同,但是是捲舌音
ɽ̍ lerenga (無等價英文發音)
s sabel sabre
ʂ sjø shoe 相似,但是捲舌音
torsdag[1] shoe
ʁs (無等價英文發音)
t tirsdag tea
ʈ parti[1] 捲舌/t/
ʁt (無等價英文發音)
v vaktel vat
元音
IPA 例子 最接近的英文等價發音
單元音
ɑ fast art
ɑː mat bra, 標準英音(RP)的 car
æ fersk[3] trap
æː ære[3] 澳洲英語的 mad
e helle[3] 北美英語與通用英音的 set
hel[3] 蘇格蘭英語的 save
i sill hill
i need
ɔ åtte[4] 標準英音的 lot;北美英語的 fort
ɔː mål[4] 蘇格蘭語的 stove;標準英音的 law
ø nøtt[4] 與 Burt相似;與德文的短音ö相同
øː dø[4] 與 bird 相似,與德文的長音ö 相同
u ond[4] put,而嘴唇緊繃
bot[4] fool
ʉ full[4][5] Australian choose; Like German müssen
ʉː ful[4][6] Australian goose;與德文的 üben相同
y nytt[4][5] 跟 hit 有些類似;即把/i/念成圓唇音。與瑞典語 syll [sʏlː]
syl[4][6] leave 有些相似,即用圓唇發/iː/的音;此音亦與瑞典語的 syll相同
雙元音
ɑi kai[7] 澳洲英文的 price
æi bein 澳洲英文的 day
æʉ hauk[4] 與澳洲英文的 now 有些類似
ei tape[7] day
ɔy boikott[4][7] boy
øy røyk[4] house 有些相似
ʉi hui[4][8] to eternity
弱化元音
ə påle about
重音聲調
IPA 例子 解釋
ˈ bønder
[ˈbønːər]
[ˈbønːəʁ]
第一聲/尖音符[9]
  • 奧斯陸特隆赫姆低升調(low-rising):[ˈbø̀nːə̌r]
  • 卑爾根降低調(falling-low):[ˈbø̂nːə̀ʁ]
  • 斯塔萬格升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːɔ̂ʁ]
  • 在一些口音中為單純的主重音[ˈbønːər][10]
² bønner
[²bønːər]
[²bønːəʁ]
第二聲/重音符[9]
  • 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是降升調(falling-rising):[ˈbø̂nːə̌r]
  • 在卑爾根是升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːə̂ʁ]
  • 在斯塔萬格是重降調(falling-falling):[ˈbø̂nːɔ̂ʁ]
  • 在一些口音中為單純的主重音[ˈbønːər][10]

註解

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中,a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
  2. ^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 [ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, , ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, ] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
    • Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩]).
    • Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː]).
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
    • 挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩]).
    • 挪威語 protruded [] sounds more similar to English unrounded [] (as in leave) than to German compressed [], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [] (as in syl [syːl]).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 /ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).
  8. ^ /ʉi/只出現在 hui 一字中(Kristoffersen (2000:19頁))。
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 除非必要,否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 一些口音只有單純的主重音,而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如,在這些口音中,bønder(農夫)和bønner(豆子)的發音完全相同。

參考資料

  • Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 (挪威語) 
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 
  • Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 (挪威語) 
  • Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 (挪威語) 
  • Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 (挪威語) 
  • Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414 

外部鏈結