静脉炎
静脉炎是静脉的炎症[1]。它通常会导致相关区域的疼痛、肿胀和发红[1]。静脉也可能变硬[1]。并发症包括可能发生深静脉血栓或肺栓塞[2]。
| 静脉炎 | |
|---|---|
| 又称 | Venitis、Phlebitis |
 | |
| 腘部的静脉 | |
| 症状 | 痛、肿、红[1] |
| 并发症 | 深静脉血栓、肺栓塞[2] |
| 起病年龄 | 老人[1] |
| 类型 | 输液静脉炎、表浅血栓静脉炎[3] |
| 风险因素 | 静脉注射导管、静脉曲张、癌症、怀孕、长期不动或卧床[4][5] |
| 鉴别诊断 | 蜂窝组织炎、血肿、淋巴管发炎、肌腱病变[2] |
| 治疗 | 热敷、止痛药（非类固醇抗发炎药）、抗凝剂[4][3] |
| 患病率 | 相对常见[5][2] |
| 分类和外部资源 | |
| 医学专科 | 急诊医学 |
| DiseasesDB | 13043 |
| eMedicine | 786526、463256 |
使用静脉注射导管的患者约 30% 可能会出现这种情况；但只有 4% 的状况严重[5]。危险因素包括使用导管的时间较长和透过导管注射抗生素[5]。可能的致病机转包括静脉损伤、化学刺激和细菌感染[1]。另一个原因是血栓形成，这种情况被称为表浅血栓静脉炎[4]。危险因子包括静脉曲张、癌症、怀孕和行动不便[4]。通常发生在腿部[4]。
虽然治疗的证据不足（支持这个治疗的高品质研究不多），但仍可温热敷和使用止痛药[6] [3]。若病因与出现血栓有关时，治疗应包括抬高腿部、服用非类固醇抗发炎药，有时仍需服用抗凝剂[4] [7]。以上较常在老年人发生[1]。若是静脉导管引起的情况，则发生在女性比男性多[5]。
参见
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Macklin, D. Phlebitis.. The American journal of nursing. February 2003, 103 (2): 55-60. PMID 12582339. doi:10.1097/00000446-200302000-00027.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Czysz, A; Higbee, SL. Superficial Thrombophlebitis. January 2022. PMID 32310477.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dychter, SS; Gold, DA; Carson, D; Haller, M. Intravenous therapy: a review of complications and economic considerations of peripheral access.. Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. March 2012, 35 (2): 84-91. PMID 22382792. doi:10.1097/NAN.0b013e31824237ce.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Beckman, Joshua A. Diseases of the Veins. Circulation. 22 October 2002, 106 (17): 2170–2172. PMID 12390942. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000036740.75461.80
.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lv, L; Zhang, J. The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis.. The journal of vascular access. May 2020, 21 (3): 342-349. PMID 31547791. doi:10.1177/1129729819877323.
- ^ Di Nisio, M; Peinemann, F; Porreca, E; Rutjes, AW. Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity. (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 20 November 2015, 11 (11): CD011015 [12 January 2022]. PMC 6885032 . PMID 26588711. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011015.pub2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于16 February 2020）.
- ^ Di Nisio, M; Wichers, IM; Middeldorp, S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 25 February 2018, 2: CD004982. PMID 29478266. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub6.
延伸阅读
- Intravenous Infusion Therapy for Nurses (Second Edition) by Dianne L. Josephson (ISBN 1-4018-0935-9)
- John Hunter, "Observations on the Inflammation of the Internal Coats of Veins," Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, vol. 1 (London: 1793) pp. 18–29