维基百科

塔克菲里

塔克菲里是伊斯蘭教中的一個概念，當伊斯蘭教的各個不同教派互相攻擊時，會自行將另一派的穆斯林視為异教徒以及叛教者，並用卡菲勒一詞來稱呼對方。這種行為就被稱為塔克菲里。 [1][2][3][4][5]

根據伊斯蘭教法的解釋，死刑是叛教者的懲罰[3]，因此沒有根據的塔克菲里指控在伊斯蘭法學中也被視為一項重大禁忌行為（哈拉姆）。[6]聖訓中也規定，錯誤地把另一位穆斯林叫作卡菲勒的人，他自己就是叛教者。[7] 塔克菲里又衍生出塔克菲里主義，塔克菲里主義者其主張「若有穆斯林叛教，則就應該將其殺死」，而那位穆斯林是否是叛教，完全由塔克菲里主義者自己決定。[8]

在伊斯兰教历史中，不同的伊斯蘭教派和運動，例如什叶派穆斯林和阿赫迈底亚社群，曾多次被遜尼派穆斯林指控為卡菲勒，這種情況持續了數個世紀。[3][8][9][10][11][12] 不過什葉派聖戰組織也會指控遜尼派穆斯林是卡菲勒[13][14]。哈瓦利吉派則認為遜尼派和什葉派穆斯林都是卡菲勒。[15] 自20世紀下半葉以來，一些伊斯蘭國家領導人由於未能實施伊斯蘭教法或被認為「信仰不足夠虔誠」，也被視為卡菲勒。[16][17]

這種隨意將其他穆斯林視為卡菲勒的做法也是瓦哈比派-薩拉菲派聖戰（英语：Salafi jihadism）主義的「核心意識形態」，[17][9][18][19][20]特別是在基地组织和伊斯兰国中尤為明顯。[3][9][18][21] 一些伊斯蘭教派和穆斯林學者（如优素福·卡热达维）反對這種隨意將其他穆斯林貼上卡菲勒的行為。[17]

参考文献

  1. ^ Hunwick, J. O.; Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Takfīr. Bosworth, C. E. (编). 伊斯兰百科全书 10. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2000. ISBN 978-9004161214. ISSN Heinrichs 请检查|issn=值 (帮助). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154.  Authors list列表缺少|last1= (帮助); editor-name-list parameters只需其一 (帮助); Editors list列表中的|first2=缺少|last2= (帮助)
  2. ^ Adang. Belief and Unbelief: Choice or Destiny?. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (编). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān（英语：Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān） I. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2001. ISBN 978-90-04-14743-0. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Poljarevic, Emin. Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal , 编. Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2021: 485–512. ISBN 978-9004435544. ISSN 1874-6691. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. 
  4. ^ Blanchard, Christopher. Islam: Sunnis and Shia (PDF). Washington, D.C.: 國會研究處. 28 January 2009 [10 August 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于11 May 2022）. 
  5. ^ 伊党“塔克菲里”思想遗毒犹在. 联合早报. 2024-01-09 [2024-12-07] （中文）. 
  6. ^ Brown, Michael. Contending with Terrorism. 2010: 89. [缺少ISBN]
  7. ^ Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 [缺少ISBN]
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie. The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir (PDF). Arab Law Quarterly（英语：Arab Law Quarterly） (Leiden: Brill Publishers). June 2017, 31 (2): 134–162 [25 October 2021]. ISSN 1573-0255. doi:10.1163/15730255-31020044. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于11 July 2019）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Baele. Giles, Howard , 编. Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology（英语：Journal of Language and Social Psychology） (Sage Publications). October 2019, 38 (5–6): 706–734 [3 January 2022]. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494  . hdl:10871/37355  . 
  10. ^ Rickenbacher, Daniel. Jikeli, Gunther , 编. The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism. Religions (journal)（英语：Religions (journal)） (Basel, Switzerland: MDPI). August 2019, 10 (8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"): 483. ISSN 2077-1444. doi:10.3390/rel10080483  . 
  11. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh. Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD论文). 德黑兰大学. 2020. 

     · Ghasemi, Faezeh. Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts. Discourse. 2017, 11 (3): 75–96. 

     · Matthiesen, Toby. The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement. Sada. 卡内基国际和平基金会. 21 July 2015. 
  12. ^ Uddin, Asma T. https://books.google.com/books?id=k9TVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Kirkham, David M. (编). State Responses to Minority Religions. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. Farnham, UK and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing/Routledge. 2014: 81–98. ISBN 978-1-4724-1647-6. LCCN 2013019344. 
  13. ^ Siegel, Alexandra. Sectarian Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 6. December 2015. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于3 May 2023）. 
  14. ^ Y. Zelin, Smyth, Aaron, Phillip. The Vocabulary of Sectarianism. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 29 January 2014. （原始内容存档于1 February 2022）. 
  15. ^ Izutsu, Toshihiko. https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem. 東京都: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 慶應義塾大學. 2006: 1–20 [1965]. ISBN 9839154702. 
  16. ^ Nedza, Justyna. Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine , 编. Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr. Islamic History and Civilization 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2016: 304–326. ISBN 978-9004307834. ISSN 0929-2403. doi:10.1163/9789004307834_013. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Takfiri. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. [18 December 2020]. （原始内容存档于January 17, 2013）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki. Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly（英语：Arab Law Quarterly） (Leiden: Brill Publishers). November 2017, 31 (4): 305–335. ISSN 1573-0255. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024  . 
  19. ^ Jalal, Ayesha. Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2009: 239–240. ISBN 978-0674039070. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. 
  20. ^ Oliveti, Vincenzo. Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences. Birmingham: Amadeus Books, 2002 [缺少ISBN].
  21. ^ Julie Rajan, V. G. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz5yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims. Contemporary Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge. 2015: 44–102. ISBN 978-1138221802. LCCN 2014031954. 
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