球颗火成岩

球颗火成岩(英語:Variolite)是指具球颗狀结构的火成岩。特別是在鎂鐵質的火山岩,例如 拉斑岩、玄武岩科馬提岩,在其細粒度基質中包含厘米級的球形或球狀結構,稱為“天花“(varioles)。 這些結構的顏色比主岩淺,直徑通常在0.05毫米到5厘米以上[1][2][3].

含球颗火成岩的玄武岩岩流海灘卵石。標本產地:美國華盛頓

1648年,Aldrovandi首創此詞,定義爲為含球颗狀结构的隱晶質或細粒火成岩[4][5]. 因爲“天花“風化較快,通常會導致球颗火成岩具有麻子狀外觀。

岩石种类

  1. 球颗玄武岩呈暗紫红色,具球颗结构,球颗间隙充填长板状交织在一起的斜长石。球颗直径2-5mm,含量30%-60%,似一颗颗豆粒堆积而成,显微镜下观察每一个球颗均由放射状斜长石构成,中心为尘状磁铁矿,状似花朵。具气孔状构造、杏仁状构造、枕状构造,枕体间为灰绿色的绿片岩或硅质物充填[1] [2]
  2. 玄武岩岩流也具有球颗结构,在岩流两侧球颗小而多,向岩流中央球颗减少且变粗。所以,枕状玄武岩和玄武岩岩流都属于球颗玄武岩。大多数角砾玄武岩和部分块状玄武岩均为较新鲜的球颗玄武岩,因此岩石表面不显现出凸起的球颗[6][7].
  3. 球颗科馬提岩在南非和加拿大地盾太古代的綠岩帶熔岩流中,與球颗玄武岩共生[8][9]

风化与蚀变

当球颗玄武岩受风化作用及某些蚀变作用后,岩石表面显现出许多凸起的球颗,风化强者球颗可脱落。显微镜下观察表明,这些凸起的球颗是斜长石、绿泥石化的结果。 在岩枕的横断面上,球颗的分布大体呈同心环状,沿岩枕边缘球颗小而多,在岩枕中央球颗大而少,岩枕的过渡相有时球颗较少,因此其分布无明显规律。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Le Maitre, R.W., A. Streckeisen, B. Zanettin, M. J. Le Bas, B. Bonin, and P. Bateman, eds., (2005) Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. 256 pp. ISBN 9780521619486
  3. ^ Condie, K.C. (1981) Archean Greenstone Belts. Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 3. New york, New York, Elservier. 434 p. ISBN 0-444-41854-7
  4. ^ Aldrovandi, U. (1648) Bononiensis Musæi Metallici. Bologna, Ferronii. 992 pp.
  5. ^ Johannsen, A. (1938) A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume 4, Part 1, The Feldspathoid Rocks and Part II, The Peridotites and Perknites. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 523 pp.
  6. ^ Lewis, J.V. (1914) Origin of Pillow Lava. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. vol. 25, pp. 15-25
  7. ^ Snavely, P.D., Maceod, N.S., and Holly, C.W. (1973) Miocene tholeiitic basalts of coastal Oregon and Washington and their relations to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin. vol. 84, pp. 387–424.
  8. ^ Sandsta, N.R., B. Robins, H. Furnes, and M. de Wit (2011) The origin of large varioles in flow-banded pillow lava from the Hooggenoeg Complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 365–377. .
  9. ^ Fowler A.D., L.S. Jensen, and S.A. Peloquin (1987) Varioles in Archean basalts; products of spherulitic crystallization. Canadian Mineralogist. vol. 25, pp. 275–289.