球顆火成岩

球顆火成岩(英語:Variolite)是指具球顆狀結構的火成岩。特別是在鎂鐵質的火山岩,例如 拉斑岩、玄武岩科馬提岩,在其細粒度基質中包含厘米級的球形或球狀結構,稱為「天花「(varioles)。 這些結構的顏色比主岩淺,直徑通常在0.05毫米到5厘米以上[1][2][3].

含球顆火成岩的玄武岩岩流海灘卵石。標本產地:美國華盛頓

1648年,Aldrovandi首創此詞,定義爲為含球顆狀結構的隱晶質或細粒火成岩[4][5]. 因爲「天花「風化較快,通常會導致球顆火成岩具有麻子狀外觀。

岩石種類

  1. 球顆玄武岩呈暗紫紅色,具球顆結構,球顆間隙充填長板狀交織在一起的斜長石。球顆直徑2-5mm,含量30%-60%,似一顆顆豆粒堆積而成,顯微鏡下觀察每一個球顆均由放射狀斜長石構成,中心為塵狀磁鐵礦,狀似花朵。具氣孔狀構造、杏仁狀構造、枕狀構造,枕體間為灰綠色的綠片岩或矽質物充填[1] [2]
  2. 玄武岩岩流也具有球顆結構,在岩流兩側球顆小而多,向岩流中央球顆減少且變粗。所以,枕狀玄武岩和玄武岩岩流都屬於球顆玄武岩。大多數角礫玄武岩和部分塊狀玄武岩均為較新鮮的球顆玄武岩,因此岩石表面不顯現出凸起的球顆[6][7].
  3. 球顆科馬提岩在南非和加拿大地盾太古代的綠岩帶熔岩流中,與球顆玄武岩共生[8][9]

風化與蝕變

當球顆玄武岩受風化作用及某些蝕變作用後,岩石表面顯現出許多凸起的球顆,風化強者球顆可脫落。顯微鏡下觀察表明,這些凸起的球顆是斜長石、綠泥石化的結果。 在岩枕的橫斷面上,球顆的分佈大體呈同心環狀,沿岩枕邊緣球顆小而多,在岩枕中央球顆大而少,岩枕的過渡相有時球顆較少,因此其分佈無明顯規律。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Le Maitre, R.W., A. Streckeisen, B. Zanettin, M. J. Le Bas, B. Bonin, and P. Bateman, eds., (2005) Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. 256 pp. ISBN 9780521619486
  3. ^ Condie, K.C. (1981) Archean Greenstone Belts. Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 3. New york, New York, Elservier. 434 p. ISBN 0-444-41854-7
  4. ^ Aldrovandi, U. (1648) Bononiensis Musæi Metallici. Bologna, Ferronii. 992 pp.
  5. ^ Johannsen, A. (1938) A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume 4, Part 1, The Feldspathoid Rocks and Part II, The Peridotites and Perknites. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 523 pp.
  6. ^ Lewis, J.V. (1914) Origin of Pillow Lava. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. vol. 25, pp. 15-25
  7. ^ Snavely, P.D., Maceod, N.S., and Holly, C.W. (1973) Miocene tholeiitic basalts of coastal Oregon and Washington and their relations to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin. vol. 84, pp. 387–424.
  8. ^ Sandsta, N.R., B. Robins, H. Furnes, and M. de Wit (2011) The origin of large varioles in flow-banded pillow lava from the Hooggenoeg Complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 365–377. .
  9. ^ Fowler A.D., L.S. Jensen, and S.A. Peloquin (1987) Varioles in Archean basalts; products of spherulitic crystallization. Canadian Mineralogist. vol. 25, pp. 275–289.