User:Lilauid/沙盒/馬來聯邦

3°09′35″N 101°42′00″E / 3.1597°N 101.7000°E / 3.1597; 101.7000

馬來聯邦
Federated Malay States英文
Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu馬來語
1895–1942
1942–1945(日占時期
1945–1946
格言:Dipelihara Allah
(中文:「受上帝保護」)

地位大英帝國聯邦保護過
首都吉隆坡[a]
常用语言
宗教
伊斯蘭教遜尼派
政府君主立憲制
君主 
• 1895–1901
(首任)
維多利亞女王
• 1936–1942;1945–1946
(末任)
喬治六世
總參政司英语Federated Malay States#Government[c] 
• 1896–1901
(首任)
瑞天咸爵士
• 1939–1942
(末任)
休·弗雷澤英语Hugh Fraser (colonial administrator)
立法机构聯邦立法議會
历史时期大英帝國
• 馬來聯邦成立
1895
• 聯邦條約
1896年7月1日
1942年2月15日 – 1945年9月2日
1945年9月2日
• 馬來亞聯邦替代馬來聯邦
1946年4月1日
人口
• 1933[1]
1,597,700
货币叻幣(1898–1939)
馬來亞元(1939–1942;1945–1946)
前身
继承
雪蘭莪
霹靂
森美蘭
彭亨
1942:
日占時期
1945:
英國軍事管制區
1946:
馬來亞聯邦
今属于 马来西亚
  1. ^ 也是雪蘭莪州首府
  2. ^ 使用爪夷文阿拉伯字母)字母的馬來語
  3. ^ 後來的政府首席秘書和聯邦秘書

馬來聯邦(英文:Federated Malay States,FMS;馬來語Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu爪夷文نݢري٢ ملايو برسکوتو)是一個1985年由英國政府建立的位於馬來半島的由四個保護國雪蘭莪森美蘭霹靂彭亨組成的聯邦

自《邦咯條約》開始,四州逐步為大英帝國所控制,其外交防務均由英國負責。在內政方面,除了涉及馬來習俗伊斯蘭教的事務以外,四州均須聆聽英國派出的參政司的意見。

第二次世界大戰期間,大日本帝國入侵了馬來半島和其他東南亞歐洲國家殖民地。日本投降後,英國在當地建立了軍事管制區,完成過度之後馬來聯邦重新復國

1946年,馬來聯邦與兩個海峽殖民地的組成部分馬六甲檳榔嶼以及馬來屬邦重組成為馬來亞聯邦。兩年後,馬來亞聯邦重組為馬來亞聯合邦,並於1957年獲得獨立,最終於1963年再重組為馬來西亞(包括北婆羅洲砂拉越新加坡)。

權力結構

1874年1月20日,海峽殖民地總督安德魯·克拉克英语Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1824)爵士與霹靂州蘇丹締結邦咯條約,條約規定「霹靂蘇丹接受一名英國參政司。除了有關宗教以及馬來習俗之外,其餘一切政務蘇丹必須徵求參政司的同意」同年,參政司制度擴展到雪蘭莪和森美蘭, 1888年擴展到彭亨。[2]

為了提高行政效率,這四個州於1895年被整合為馬來聯邦。這樣的聯邦式的權力結構這是高度集權的,實權掌握在英國政府派出的官員手中,他們最初被稱為參政司,後來被稱為首席大臣。[2]

1898年,英國設立了聯邦政務會來管理聯邦。政務會由高級專員(海峽殖民地總督)領導,並由參政司、統治者、4名州駐地官和4名指定的非官方成員協助。這種結構一直持續到1941年12月8日日本入侵马来亚為止。

君主
高級專員
統治者
(無實權)
參政司
後改為首席大臣
各州各州

統治者會議

儘管參政司是聯邦的真正管理者,但聯邦的四個州都保留了各自的世襲統治者。馬來聯邦成立時這四名統治者分別是:

  1. 雪蘭莪蘇丹阿萊丁·蘇萊曼·沙阿英语Sultan Sulaiman
  2. 霹靂蘇丹伊德里斯·穆爾希杜爾·阿扎姆·沙阿一世英语Idris Shah I of Perak
  3. 森美蘭默罕默德穆罕默德·沙阿英语Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan
  4. 彭亨蘇丹艾哈邁德·穆阿扎姆·沙阿英语Sultan Ahmad al-Muadzam Shah

1897年,在霹靂皇城瓜拉江沙召開了第一屆統治者會議(又名杜爾巴會議),作為四位統治者間的溝通會議。第一屆會議為今日統治者會議的雛形,1957年8月27日,會議在馬來西亞憲法第38條正式規定相關組織。

聯邦象徵

邦旗

 
  1:2 1895–1946年期間的馬來聯邦邦旗

馬來聯邦邦旗由四種不同顏色的條紋組成,由上至下分別是:白、紅、黃、黑。

這四個顏色的不同組合分別代表了馬來聯邦的四個組成部分。

  • 紅黑黃三色代表森美蘭;
  • 黑白黃三色代表霹靂;
  • 黑白兩色代表彭亨;
  • 紅黃兩色代表雪蘭莪。

中間的標誌也採用了同樣的設計理念,中間的一個白色橢圓中設計了隻馬來亞虎

馬來聯邦邦旗在吉隆坡独立广场附近的國家歷史博物館有一面邦旗的複製品。

邦徽

馬來聯邦邦徽上有一個由兩隻老虎守護的盾牌。盾牌頂部是東方王冠(英語:Eastern Crown),象徵英國保護下的君主政體聯邦。盾牌下方有一面橫幅,上面用爪夷文寫著「Dipelihara Allah」(受上帝保護)。

盾牌上的四種顏色的不同組合就和馬來聯邦邦旗一樣,分別代表了聯邦的四個組成部分。

「Dipelihara Allah」這句格言也被採納為現今雪蘭莪州的州格言。

軍艦旗

 
1895–1946年期間的馬來聯邦海軍軍旗

除了國旗外,馬來聯邦還有政府船上使用的軍艦旗。該旗採用英國海軍艦艇的四種顏色,在日德蘭海戰期間由英國大艦隊第五戰列分艦隊博伊爾上尉指揮的馬來亞號艦上懸掛。

政府

參政司

1896到1936年期間,聯邦的實權一直掌握在參政司(後來改為首席大臣)手中。

馬來聯邦參政司(1896–1911)
順序 參政司 就任 離任 備註
1 瑞天咸 1896年1月1日 1901年12月12日
威廉·胡德·特雷徹英语William Hood Treacher 1897年10月5日 1898年4月16日 代理
1900年4月29日 1901年12月12日 代理
2 1901年12月13日 1904年12月31日
威廉·托馬斯·泰勒英语William Thomas Taylor 1904年9月13日 1904年12月31日 代理
3 1905年1月1日 1910年9月30日
愛德華·劉易斯·布羅克曼英语Edward Lewis Brockman 1907年5月11日 1908年2月13日 代理
亨利·康威·貝爾菲爾德英语Henry Conway Belfield 1908年5月4日 1908年7月27日 代理
雷金納德·喬治·沃森英语Reginald George Watson 1910年2月26日 1910年9月29日 代理
4 1910年9月30日 1911年1月31日

首席大臣

馬來聯邦首席大臣
 
尊称閣下
首任亞瑟·楊英语Arthur Young (colonial administrator)
设立1911–1936
末任馬庫斯·雷克斯英语Marcus Rex
馬來聯邦首席大臣(1911–1936)
順序 首席大臣 就任 離任 備註
1 亞瑟·楊英语Arthur Young (colonial administrator) 1911年2月1日 1911年9月1日
2 愛德華·劉易斯·布羅克馬英语Edward Lewis Brockman 1911年9月2日 1920年9月12日
雷金納德·喬治·沃森英语Reginald George Watson 1914年4月3日 1915年2月8日 代理
愛德華·喬治·布羅德里克 1918年1月21日 1918年2月5日 代理
雷金納德·喬治·沃森英语Reginald George Watson 1918年4月7日 1918年8月25日 代理
弗雷德里克·西頓·詹姆斯英语Frederick Seton James 1920年6月13日 1920年10月3日 代理
3 喬治·麥克斯韋英语George Maxwell (colonial administrator) 1920年9月13日 1926年5月6日
阿瑟·布倫納哈塞特·沃勒斯 1920年10月14日 1921年3月4日 代理
奧斯瓦爾德·弗朗西斯·杰拉德·斯托納 1921年12月21日 1922年1月9日 代理
愛德華·肖·霍斯英语Edward Shaw Hose 1923年5月11日 1923年10月24日 代理
4 貝璐 1926年5月9日 1930年4月9日
亨利·瓦格斯塔夫·湯姆森 1927年5月6日 1927年6月5日 代理
1927年9月10日 1928年3月31日 代理
查爾斯·沃爾特·漢密爾頓·科克倫英语Charles Walter Hamilton Cochrane 1929年11月30日 1930年4月8日 代理
5 1930年4月9日 1932年3月24日
郝德傑 1931年7月25日 1932年3月23日 代理
6 1932年3月24日 1933年2月3日
7 馬爾科姆·邦德·雪萊 1933年2月4日 1935年4月4日
8 馬庫斯·雷克斯英语Marcus Rex 1935年4月4日 1936年2月24日

聯邦大臣

1936年後,聯邦大臣只是協調官員,受高級專員的領導,而高級專員始終是海峽殖民地的總督。

馬來聯邦邦大臣(1936–1942)
順序 聯邦大臣 就任 歷任
1 克里斯多福·多米尼克·阿赫恩英语Christopher Dominic Ahearne 1936年2月24日 1939年5月6日
2 休·弗雷澤英语Hugh Fraser (colonial administrator) 1939年5月6日 1942年2月15日

政務會

在馬來聯邦,各州仍然由統治者(森美蘭州的穆罕穆德和其他地方的蘇丹)統治,但馬來聯邦建立後由政務會建議以管理整個聯邦。政務會由駐地官員、土著酋長和蘇丹提名的華人社區代表組成。政務會的作用是討論各州關心的問題,例如立法和行政問題以及所有刑罰的修訂。駐地官員與其下屬官員(主要由歐洲人和馬來人組成)也兼任行政工作。

行政區劃

為了更有效的管理,聯邦的所有州劃分出二級行政區轄區(馬來語音譯:達伊拉,Daerah)。每個轄區都有一個轄區民政事務處,每個事務處都由一位轄區官員領導。[3]

1939年馬來聯邦行政區劃
區劃名稱 首府 二級區劃 地圖
霹靂 怡保2
上霹靂
司南馬
拉律
卡連
峇登
瓜拉江沙
近打
下霹靂
天定1(曼絨)
馬登巴冷
 
1939年馬來聯邦行政區劃地圖
雪蘭莪 吉隆坡
(兼聯邦行政中心)
瓜拉雪蘭我
烏魯雪蘭我
吉隆坡
巴生
烏魯冷岳
瓜拉冷岳
森美蘭 芙蓉
沿海州
芙蓉
林茂-淡邊
瓜拉庇勞
日叻務
彭亨 瓜拉立
關丹
立卑
勞勿
文冬
淡馬魯
北根
註釋:

1 天定邦咯島邦咯條約中割讓給了海峽殖民地作為英國的直轄殖民地,1935年2月海峽殖民地將天定歸還給霹靂州政府。[4]
2 1935年,霹靂州府遷往怡保。

沿革圖解

 
馬來西亞歷史沿革

司法

The first Supreme Court was established in 1906 and headed by the Judicial Commissioner, in whom supreme judicial authority was vested. The title of Judicial Commissioner was changed to Chief Judge in 1925.

司法專員

審判長

經濟

The Federated Malay States initially used the Straits dollar issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency for the Straits Settlements. As the currency depreciated over time, it was pegged at two shillings four sterling pence in 1906. In 1939, the British government introduced a new currency, the Malayan dollar (ringgit in Malay) for used in Malaya and Brunei replacing the Straits dollar at par value. It had denominations ranging from 1 cent to 1,000 Malayan dollars.

The Federated Malay States main economic activities were agriculture and mining with emphasis on rubber and tin. The FMS and Malaya as a whole was the main supplier of these two commodities for British industrial needs. Rubber plantations were established in all four states and tin was mined primarily in the Klang valley in Selangor and the Kinta Valley in Perak. This labour-intensive economic activities prompted the British to bring in immigrant workers from southern India to work at the plantations and workers from southern China to mine the tin.

The economic condition in the period can be viewed as self-sustainable, as the income of the federation was more than what was expended in terms of maintaining the administration and economic activities. In the later period, many resources were put into the development of Kuala Lumpur, as the capital of the federation. This period also saw rapid growth in terms of communications infrastructure such as interstate roads, the expansion of the Federated Malay States Railways' narrow gauge railway line between the Padang Besar and Singapore, and Port Swettenham (present-day Port Klang). Public schools and academic institutions were also opened along with an improvement in public health. An area in the city was also gazetted as a settlement for the Malay called Kampung Baru. Public buildings were also constructed such as the Kuala Lumpur railway station, the Government Offices of the FMS and Masjid Jamek.

The table and section below illustrated the economic growth of the federation and its member states.

Growth of trade and government revenue and expenditure (1875–1922)
Year Revenue Expenditure Import Export
1875 $409,394 $436,872 $831,375 $739,972
1880 $881,910 $794,944 $2,231,048 $1,906,952
1885 $2,208,709 $2,261,954 $8,667,425 $9,961,786
1890 $4,840,065 $5,237,275 $15,443,809 $17,602,093
1895 $8,481,007 $7,582,553 $22,653,271 $31,622,805
1900 $15,609,807 $12,728,930 $38,402,581 $60,361,045
1905 $23,964,593 $20,750,395 $50,575,455 $80,057,654
1910 $26,553,018 $23,598,610 $53,255,151 $102,851,990
1915 $40,774,984 $42,838,631 $61,343,935 $162,429,254
1920 $72,277,146 $100,433,471 $175,916,712 $289,112,016
1921 $54,449,568 $114,386,546 $102,914,877 $134,955,549
1922 $52,494,110 $49,811,007 $78,822,349 $140,429,775

Note: All values are in Straits dollars (One dollar fixed at two shillings and four pence sterling). Data for Pahang included only from 1890 onwards.

Ref: Harrison, Cuthbert Woodville. An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States. 1923.

雪蘭莪

The revenue of Selangor in 1875 amounted to $115,656; in 1905 it had increased to $8,857,793. Of this latter sum $3,195,318 was derived from duty on exported tin, $1,972,628 from finance, federal receipts, and $340,360 from land revenue. The trade balance was chiefly derived from the revenue farms, which included the right to collect import duty on opium and spirits. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $7,186,146, of which sum $3,717,238 was on account of federal charges and $1,850,711 for public works. The value of the imports in 1905 was $24,643,619 and that of the exports was $26,683,316, making a total of $51,326,935 equivalent to £5,988,000. Tin was the principal export. The amount exported in 1905 was 17,254 tons. The total area of alienated mining land at the end of 1905 amounted to 65,573英畝(265平方公里).

霹靂

The revenue of Perak in 1874 amounted to $226,333. That for 1905 amounted to $12,242,897. Of this latter sum $4,876,400 was derived from duty on exported tin, $2,489,300 from railway receipts, $505,300 from land revenue and $142,800 from postal and telegraphic revenue. The remainder is mainly derived from the revenue farms, which are leased for a short term of years, conveying to the lessee the right to collect import duties upon opium, wine and spirits, to keep pawnbroking shops, and to keep public licensed gambling-houses for the use of non-Malay only. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $10,141,980. Of this sum $4,236,000 was spent on railway upkeep and construction and $2,176,100 on public works. The value of the imports into Perak during 1905 was over $20,000,000, and that of the exports exceeded $40,000,000, making a total of over $60,000,000, equivalent to about seven million sterling. The output of tin from Perak ranged between 18,960 tons, valued at $23,099,506 in 1899, and 26,600 tons, valued at $35,500,000, in 1905. The fluctuating output figure was due to the uncertainty of the labour supply. The mining population was recruited exclusively from the districts of southern China, and during certain years an increased demand for labourers in China itself, in French Indo-China, in the Dutch colonies, and in South Africa temporarily and adversely affected immigration to the Straits of Malacca. The output had, moreover, been affected from time to time by the price of tin, which was $32.20 per pikul in 1896, rose to $42.96 in 1898, to $74.15 in 1900, and averaged $80.60 in 1905. Excluding tin, the principal exports were $108,000 worth of Para rubber, $181,000 of copra, $54,000 of hides, $48,000 of patchouli, and considerable quantities of timber, rattans and other jungle produce.

森美蘭

The revenue of the Negri Sembilan amounted to $223,435 in 1888. In 1898 it had increased to $701,334, in 1900 to $1,251,366, and in 1905 to $2,335,534. The revenue for 1905 was derived mainly as follows: customs $1,268,602, land revenue $145,475, land sales $21,407, while the revenue farms contributed $584,459. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $2,214,093, of which $1,125,355 was spent on public works. The trade returns for 1905, which are not, however, complete, showed an aggregate value of about $13,000,000. The value of the tin exported during 1905 exceeded $6,900,000, and the value of the agricultural produce, of which gambier represented $211,000 and damar $80,000, amounted to $407,990.

彭亨

The revenue of Pahang in 1899 amounted to $62,077; in 1900 to $419,150. In 1905 it was $528,368. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $1,208,176. Of this sum $736,886 was spent on public works. Pahang is still a source of expense to the federation, its progress having been slowed by the disturbances which lasted from December 1891 until 1895, with short intervals of peace, but the revenue was steadily increasing, and the ultimate financial success of the state is considered to be secure. Pahang owed something over $3,966,500 to Selangor and $1,175,000 to Perak, which had financed it for some years out of surplus revenue. The value of the imports in 1905 was $1,344,346, that of the exports was $3,838,928, thus making a total trade value of $5,183,274. The most valuable export is tin, the value of which in 1905 amounted to $2,820,745. The value of the gutta exported exceeded $140,000, that of dried and salted fish amounted to nearly $70,000, and that of timber to $325,000.

教育

新聞刊物

軍事歷史

一戰

With the threat of Germany, the British Navy was in a drive for expansion. As a contribution, the government and people of the Federated Malay States agreed to finance the commissioning of HMS Malaya; this was a motion proposed in the Federal Council by the Sultan of Perak in 1913 and supported by the Sultan of Selangor. The battleship which cost $25,000,000 (approximately £2,945,709) was one of five of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship, displacing 31,000 tons, mounting fifteen-inch guns and capable of 25節(46公里每小時). The most modern ships of their day, they formed the 5th Battle Squadron and fought as such at Jutland in 1916. HMS Malaya was also refurbished and was in service throughout World War II.[來源請求]

二戰

After the Japanese landed in Malaya on 8 December 1941, the Japanese forces began their invasion of the Malay Peninsula. Japanese forces began their invasion of the FMS by crossing the Thailand–FMS border at Kroh. Ipoh, the state capital of Perak, fell on 26 December 1941. Kuala Lumpur, the capital of the Federated Malay States and the State of Selangor, was captured on 11 January 1942. Seremban, the state capital of Negeri Sembilan, was captured two days later. Kuantan, in the eastern component state of Pahang, fell on 30 December 1941, meanwhile the capital, Kuala Lipis was taken by the Japanese on 7 January 1942. With the conclusion of the Battle of Gemas on 15 January 1942, the entire FMS was now in Japanese hands.

All of Malaya including Singapore remained under Japanese occupation until the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945.

聯邦解散

The federation was formally dissolved on 1 April 1946, and was incorporated into the Malayan Union thereafter. This in turn was succeeded by the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which gained independence in 1957, and later became Malaysia in 1963.

郵票

 
Stamp issued by the Federated Malay States in 1906

While the four states issued their own postage stamps as before, there were additional issues for the Federated States as a whole.

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Annual report of the Medical Department / Federated Malay States.. [2 September 2021]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Simon C. Smith, "Rulers and Residents: British Relations with the Aden Protectorate, 1937–59", Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), p. 511.
  3. ^ Map of British Malaya Including The Straits Settlements Federated Malay States and Malay States Not Included In The Federation 1924. Raremaps.com. [20 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于20 March 2016). 
  4. ^ Sejarah Manjung. Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Manjung. Manjung Municipal Council. [18 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于27 November 2015).  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  5. ^ Samuel Joyce THOMAS. homepages.ihug.co.nz. (原始内容存档于13 October 2015).  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  6. ^ SIR ROGER HALL NEW F.M.S. CHIEF JUSTICE.. The Straits Times: 12. 6 September 1937.