共产主义史

共产主义史，即共产主义自诞生以来的历史涵盖了以财富、经济产业和财产的共有制为核心原则的各种各样的意识形态及其分支，以及诸多政治运动^[1]。多数现代形式的共产主义都至少在名义上植根于马克思主义，即卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯在19世纪构想的一种理论和方法^[2]。马克思主义随后在欧洲大部分地区获得了广泛追随者，其激进支持者在整个19世纪后半叶于该大陆发动了多次失败却影响重大的革命^[1]。许多拒绝武装革命但信奉马克思主义的集体财产和无阶级社会理想的共产党也在同一时期大量成立^[1]。

尽管马克思主义理论认为工业社会是最适合进行社会革命的地方（无论是通过和平过渡还是武力反抗），但共产主义却大多在诸如中华民国等贫困普遍存在的欠发达国家当中取得了成功^[2]。1917年，布尔什维克党在俄国革命期间夺取政权并随后于1922年建立了苏联，即世界上第一个自称实施社会主义制度的国家^[3]。布尔什维克党人彻底接受了无产阶级国际主义与世界革命的概念，将他们的斗争视为国际性而非纯粹的地区性事业^[2]^[3]。这对共产主义在20世纪的传播产生了巨大影响，因为苏联在二战后于中东欧大量成立马列主义的新政府，并间接支持了其他美洲、亚洲和非洲国家的革命^[1]。这一政策的关键是共产国际，其成立的初衷是帮助和协助世界各地的共产党并促进革命的发生^[3]。这是冷战期间紧张局势的一个主要原因，因为美国及其军事盟友将共产主义的全球传播视同于以代理人方式进行的苏联扩张主义^[4]。

到1985年，世界上三分之一的人口处在某种形式下的马克思列宁主义政府体制的统治之下^[1]。但众多共产主义者和马克思主义理论家们之间就这些国家中的多数者是否能被真正视为马克思主义这点上存在着激烈的争论，因为马克思主义体系的许多基本要素已被不少国家所改变或修订^[4]。共产主义在20世纪80年代末至90年代初期间迅速衰落，包括1991年苏联解体以及剩余的多数马列主义国家几年内完全否定或废除了这一意识形态^[5]。后来的历史学家对这种衰落提出了不同的解释，包括马列主义政府未能实现共产主义社会的理想，这些国家中威权主义日益增长的总体趋势的存在，它们遭受过度官僚主义的困扰，经济效率低下等等^[1]^[6]^[7]。截至21世纪，仅有少数以共产主义为目标的国家得以存留，包括中国、古巴、老挝、朝鲜（非马列主义）和越南^[1]^[8]。除朝鲜之外，所有这些国家都在保持一党统治的同时开始允许更多的经济竞争^[6]。

参见

注释

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Lansford, Thomas. Communism. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. 2007: 9–24, 36–44. ISBN 978-0761426288.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Leopold, David. Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc; Sargent, Lyman Tower , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015: 20–38. ISBN 978-0198744337.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Schwarzmantle, John. Breuilly, John , 编. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017: 643–651. ISBN 978-0198768203.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 MacFarlane, S. Neil. Katz, Mark , 编. The USSR and Marxist Revolutions in the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 6–11. ISBN 978-0812216202.
^ Dunn, Dennis. A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. 2016: 126–131. ISBN 978-3319325668.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (编). Communism. Encyclopædia Britannica revised. 2019 [10 June 2020]. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
^ Djilas, Milovan. The Legacy of Communism in Eastern Europe. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 1991, 15 (1): 83–92. ISSN 1046-1868. JSTOR 45290119.
^ Shaoguang, Wang. Political change and democracy in China (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于9 September 2017）.

书目

Billington, James H. Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith. Transaction Publishers. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4128-1401-0.
Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. HarperCollins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-188548-8.
Fried, Albert; Sanders, Ronald. Socialist Thought: A Documentary History. Columbia University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-231-08265-5 –通过Google Books.
Getty, J. Arch.; Manning, Roberta T. (编). Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge. 1993.
Gorlizki, Yoram; Khlevniuk, Oleg. Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953. Oxford University Press. 2004: 3ff. ISBN 9780195165814. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165814.001.0001.
Kautsky, Karl. Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation. T. F. Unwin. 1897 –通过Google Books.
Lindemann, Albert S. A History of European Socialism. Yale University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-300-03246-8 –通过Google Books.
Lowy, Michael. The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx. Brill. 2020. ISBN 978-90-04-44160-6. OCLC 1239987105 –通过Google Books.
Major, Patrick. The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956. Oxford University Press. 1997.
Priestland, David. The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World. Penguin Books. 2010. ISBN 978-0-14-029520-7. OCLC 762107381.
Service, Robert. Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-02530-1 –通过Google Books.
van Ree, Erik. Boundaries of Utopia – Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin. Routledge. 2015. ISBN 978-1-134-48533-8 –通过Google Books.

拓展阅读

Books

Borkenau, Franz. World communism; a history of the Communist International (1938) online
Crozier, Brian. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (1999), long detailed popular history
Davin, Delia. Mao: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford UP. 2013. ISBN 9780191654039.
Deakin, F. W. ed. A history of world communism (1975) online
Furet, François. The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century (1999).
Garver, John W. China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic (2nd ed. 2018) comprehensive scholarly history. excerpt
Harvey, Robert, A Short History of Communism (2004), ISBN 0-312-32909-1.
Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (2014) highly detailed scholarly biography; vol 2 Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 (2017)
Pathak, Rakesh, and Yvonne Berliner. Communism in Crisis 1976–89 (2012)
Pipes, Richard. Communism: A History (2003)
Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (Princeton University Press, 2010). 944 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-13585-4 online review
Priestland, David. The Red Flag: A History of Communism (2010)
Sandle, Mark. Communism (2nd ed. 2011), short introduction
Service, Robert. Lenin: A Biography (2000) excerpt and text search; also online
Service, Robert. Stalin (2005) online
Seton-Watson, Hugh. From Lenin to Khrushchev, the history of world communism (1954) online
Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2004) excerpt and text search; also complete text
Taubman, William. Gorbachev: His Life and Times (2018)
Tucker, Robert C. Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929 (1973); Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941. (1990) online ed. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期May 25, 2012，. a standard biography; online at ACLS e-books
Ulam, Adam B. Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy 1917–73 (1974) online

Journals

American Communist History (United States)
Communisme (France)
Twentieth Century Communism (United Kingdom)

Primary sources

Daniels, Robert V., ed. A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (1993)
Daniels, Robert V. ed. A Documentary History of Communism: Communism and the World (1985)
Gruber, Helmut. International Communism in the Era of Lenin: A Documentary History (1967)

Memoirs

Chambers, Whittaker. Witness . New York: Random House. 1952.
Davis, Hope Hale. Great Day Coming: A Memoir of the 1930s. Steerforth Press. 1994. ISBN 9781883642174 –通过Google Books.
Tchernavin, Tatiana. Escape From The Soviets. 由Natalie Duddington (under the pseudonym N. Alexander)翻译. E. P. Dutton and Co. 1934.
Ulanovskaya, Maya; Ulanovskaya, Nadezhda. The Family Story. 由Hoffman, Stefani翻译. Lulu. 2016. ISBN 9781326667573 –通过Google Books.

Animation

Mapping the fall of communism

[Lansford-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Lansford, Thomas. Communism. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. 2007: 9–24, 36–44. ISBN 978-0761426288.

[Oxford1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Leopold, David. Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc; Sargent, Lyman Tower , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015: 20–38. ISBN 978-0198744337.

[Oxford2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Schwarzmantle, John. Breuilly, John , 编. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017: 643–651. ISBN 978-0198768203.

[Revolutions-4] 4.0 ^4.1 MacFarlane, S. Neil. Katz, Mark , 编. The USSR and Marxist Revolutions in the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 6–11. ISBN 978-0812216202.

[Dunn-5] Dunn, Dennis. A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. 2016: 126–131. ISBN 978-3319325668.

[Ball_&_Dagger_2019-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (编). Communism. Encyclopædia Britannica revised. 2019 [10 June 2020]. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)

[7] Djilas, Milovan. The Legacy of Communism in Eastern Europe. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 1991, 15 (1): 83–92. ISSN 1046-1868. JSTOR 45290119.

[8] Shaoguang, Wang. Political change and democracy in China (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于9 September 2017）.

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