卡尔查延

卡尔查延（乌孜别克语：Xolchayon）是乌兹别克斯坦南部苏尔汉河州德诺夫（英语：Denov）（苏尔汉河河谷）附近的考古遗址，为贵霜帝国或其祖先月氏人所建造，年代约为公元前1世纪中期。1959年至1963年间由苏联考古学家加莉娜·普加钦科娃（英语：Galina Pugachenkova）带领的团队挖掘卡尔查延^[1]，她认为此遗址为一座宫殿，由贵霜统治者赫拉欧斯下令建造，不过另有学者认为此处为奉祀神化祖先的神庙^[6]。

卡尔查延

月氏王子的头像（公元前1世纪）^[1]^[2]

塞迦武士头像（公元前1世纪）^[3]^[4]^[5]

卡尔查延

卡尔查延在乌兹别克斯坦的位置

艺术

费城艺术博物馆的一件菩萨头像被认为与卡尔查延出土的月氏王子头像相似^[7]

卡尔察延出土的陶俑，现藏于帖尔米兹考古学博物馆

卡尔查延遗址内部墙上有泥塑与壁画，其描绘的主题可能包括公元前2世纪的人事物^[8]，包括贵霜帝国的战事（例如贵霜与塞迦的战争）、宴会、统治者肖像、盟友帕提亚人与希腊、西亚和伊朗等地的神祇（库柏勒、密斯拉（英语：Mithra）、赫丘利、雅典娜与尼刻等），为巴克特里亚艺术的重要里程碑^[1]。画中描绘的月氏人物形象大多风度翩翩，塞迦人则常被描绘成留有络腮胡的丑陋形象^[9]。

历史学家本杰明·罗兰（Benjamin Rowland）认为卡尔察延的艺术风格源于希腊化时期艺术，可能直接受尼萨与阿伊哈努姆（英语：Ai-Khanum）等中亚城市的艺术影响，且与年代较晚的希腊式佛教艺术（犍陀罗艺术）有相似之处，可能为后者的起源。罗兰特别指出卡尔查延出土著名的月氏王子的头像和犍陀罗菩萨头像十分相像，可能是将地方贵族的形象神格化创作而成，显示犍陀罗艺术受卡尔查延艺术的影响^[7]。

参见

贵霜艺术（英语：Kushan art）

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 KHALCHAYAN. Encyclopaedia Iranica. : Figure 1 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-04）.
^ Khaltchayan Reception Hall, Yuezhi north Bactria, 50 BC-50 AD. warfare.tk/. [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 87–98 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.
^ [content/7/ Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica]. [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）.
^ Also a Saka according to this source: [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Ahmad Hasan Dani, János Harmatta. History of Civilizations of Central Asia 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 1999: 189 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Rowland, Benjamin. Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas. Archives of Asian Art. 1971, 25: 29–35. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111029.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 91 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）. It is possible to attribute the Khalchayan reliefs to the ﬁrst century BC archaeologically, but the historical events reﬂected in them belong to an earlier period, i.e. to around the middle of the second century BC.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 89 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）. The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive ﬁgures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions.

38°17′37″N 67°58′44″E / 38.29361°N 67.97889°E / 38.29361; 67.97889

[Eniran-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 KHALCHAYAN. Encyclopaedia Iranica. : Figure 1 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-04）.

[2] Khaltchayan Reception Hall, Yuezhi north Bactria, 50 BC-50 AD. warfare.tk/. [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）.

[3] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 87–98 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.

[4] [content/7/ Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica]. [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）.

[5] Also a Saka according to this source: [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[6] Ahmad Hasan Dani, János Harmatta. History of Civilizations of Central Asia 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 1999: 189 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.

[BR-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Rowland, Benjamin. Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas. Archives of Asian Art. 1971, 25: 29–35. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111029.

[8] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 91 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）. It is possible to attribute the Khalchayan reliefs to the ﬁrst century BC archaeologically, but the historical events reﬂected in them belong to an earlier period, i.e. to around the middle of the second century BC.

[KA-9] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 89 [2021-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）. The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive ﬁgures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions.

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