卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向

卷筒式卫生纸以跟地面互相平行的状态挂在卫生纸架上,并和后方的墙壁互相平行时,便会出现两个可能的放置方向:朝外放或朝内放。这一选择主要是个人喜好的问题,并由习惯所决定。在多项针对美国消费者以及浴室和厨房专家的调查中,60–70%的受访者选择“朝外放”。

卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向
朝外放的卷筒式卫生纸
朝内放的卷筒式卫生纸

一些人在此一选择上有着强烈的执著;建议专栏作家兰德斯英语Ann Landers表示此一议题为其专栏史上最多人响应(她于1986年总共收到15000封针对这议题的来信)及最具争议性的。两个放置方向的支持者皆能从美学、适宜度、方便程度、能否保障纸张清洁、便利性,以及是否适用于特定情境等角度举出理由。一些著者把这一选择偏好跟年龄、性别以至政治理念联系起来。此外亦有研究证据显示社经地位跟该一选择偏好有关[1]

若使用者之间就该选择出现争议,解决方案则包括妥协、不跟他人一起使用卫生纸或浴室,以及简单地把问题忽略。有人更在此问题上提出国家标准化计划,希望强制把其中一个放置方向标准化。至少有一名发明者希望把一款新的卫生纸架普及化,它能把卫生纸从一个放置方向转至另一个放置方向[2]

背景和意义

在《浴室政治:自下而上地向学生介绍社会学思维[译注 1]》这一篇论文中[3]新西兰东部理工学院英语Eastern Institute of Technology社会学教授伯恩斯提出了一些卫生纸政治值得研讨的原因。伯恩斯在社会学概论的首堂课中向学生提问道:“你认为卷筒式卫生纸应朝哪边放才好? ”[4]。在接下来的50分钟内,该些学生对自己所选的答案进行了分析,继令他们对“以前未曾思考过的规条及实践”的社会建构进行了探究[5]

伯恩斯的活动已被圣母大学社会心理学课程所接纳,它以该活动来说明由柏格陆克曼所编写,并于1966年出版的著作《社会实体的建构英语The Social Construction of Reality》内所论及的基本原理[6]

密歇根大学的心理学教授彼得森把卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向视为“品味、偏好以及兴趣”方面的问题,而不跟个人价值观或“态度、个人特质、规范,以及需求”有关。其他基于个人偏好而下的选择包括“喜欢的可乐品牌”以及“喜欢的棒球队”。个人偏好是身份认同的一个重要组成部分;人们一般期望不同的人都各有所好,令他们能体会到独特感。在日常生活上,偏好上的差异最多会导致他人调侃或些微地责备不同者。对于大多数人而言,个人偏好最终不会导致因价值观冲突而起的严重分歧;彼得森指出唯一可能的例外就是“各有各生活的人类”的个人偏好提升至道德议题的层面[7]

威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的心理学教授杰恩斯巴彻英语Morton Ann Gernsbacher把卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向跟洗碗机内的餐具放置方向、袜子该放哪个抽屉、以及洗澡时涂上洗发水或洗澡液的次序作比较。她指出每一个选择皆有一个大部分人会选择的模范答案,并且很容易为少数人不跟从主流的原因找到解释。她继对运用了神经成像技术的实验作出警告——神经成像技术在2007年时已用于探讨进行心像旋转英语mental rotation作业、作出面部表情、前往食品杂货店购物以及搔痒时的脑部变化,她警告指该些实验应尽可能避免文化偏误刻板印象[8]

在《忍不住帮你做宣传英语Conversational Capital[译注 2]》一著中,赛斯维特以卷筒卫生纸的放置方向作仪式化行为的其中一个例子——设计师和营销人员会利用仪式化行为来使某件产品不断地经由口头流传,因为该些行为能转化成消费者的难忘经历。赛斯维特也举出了其他仪式化行为的例子,包括摇动的嗒糖的包装盒、把Oreo曲奇拆开[10]

博汉农英语Jim Bohannon这一位广播员表示此一问题很适合于电台听众热线节目英语talk radio上讨论:“由于这是互动媒体的缘故,所以某种形式的冲突在讨论议题的候选名单上一般名列前茅。名列前茅的原因在于大众一般会关心这类型的讨论。该些冲突不一定要是很激烈的,但至少达至意见相左的地步就可以了”[11]

两方支持者的理据

 
一卷贴了封贴且折叠过的卷筒式卫生纸(图摄于2009年的贝尔蒙德修道院酒店英语Hotel Monasterio
 
因朝内放而使印在上面的图案及文字出现上下颠倒的卷筒式卫生纸

大多数人以习惯及取出卫生纸的便利度作其“以特定方向安装卷筒式卫生纸”的理据[12]。除此之外两方的支持者皆有提出具体的支持理据,包括:

  • 朝外放能减少人们取出卫生纸时意外碰到墙壁和储藏柜的机会,避免卫生纸沾上尘垢和细菌[13]
  • 朝外放能让人们更容易找到及抓着卷筒式卫生纸的末端[14]
  • 朝外放能让清洁酒店、游轮、办公楼和公共场所的洗手间的人,以及屋内有客用洗手间的屋主把最后一张卫生纸折叠,以显示该洗手间经已清洁好[15]
  • 生产商一般预期使用者以朝外放的方式安装卷筒式卫生纸,所以印有图案的卫生纸以此方式安装会更美观[16]
  • 朝内放的卷筒式卫生纸的外观较整洁,令卫生纸的末端能够从人的视线底下隐藏[17][18]
  • 朝内放能减低宠物及婴儿不断地把卫生纸抽下来的机会[19]
  • 在驾驶露营车时,朝内放可能减低卫生纸展开的机会[20]

两方的拥护者皆主张其方法能使人更容易地沿着卫生纸上的虚线撕掉卫生纸——其容易与否由拉动的方向和固定卫生纸架的惯用手所决定[21]。(1991年1名出发至中国游览的美国游客记录了当地一种与上述情况不符的撕掉卫生纸方法:该些卫生纸没有小洞,但一卷的卫生纸之上会有一把裁剪工具,逼使卷筒式卫生纸一定要朝外放[22]。)

目前尚不清楚哪一种放置方向更符合经济效益。《Centralian Advocate》这份报刊引述了绿色星球的说法,指朝外放能较节省纸张[23]

在关于评估的学术领域中,斯克里文英语Michael Scriven指出有关卷筒式卫生纸的正确放置方向的问题能测试人的“单项评估能力倾向”。他认为这能快速地测出人的评估态度、实践逻辑分析能力、移情能力、教导能力。不论被测者选择“一个正确答案”,还是证明该测试是否存有文化偏误,皆能使其能力得以显现。[24]

偏好统计

 
同时提供两个放置方向的卫生纸架
 
另一个争议的解决方案:同时使用两个卫生纸架

调查结果

“你认为挂在轴上的卷筒式卫生纸应朝上展开(朝外放)还是朝下展开(朝内放)?”此一问题被印在辛罗德和波雷兹于1989年出版的合著《首项美国人重要习惯调查[译注 3]》的封面上。其调查结果显示68%的人选择“朝上展开”[25]。辛罗德解释道:“对于我来说,这本书的精华就是有关卫生纸的该条问题……一些人可能对此毫不在意,但一些则对此可能令他人受到伤害的问题感到十分在意”[26]。波雷兹指出“有关卫生纸的问题几乎使人激动得像米勒啤酒的广告口号‘tastes-great/less-filling’般 ”[27]

坎纳在其所择写,兼于1995年出版的书籍《你正常吗?[译注 4]》中公布了一项调查结果,结果显示53%的受访者选择朝外放,近40%选择朝内放,8%选择不清楚或不在乎[28]

《坐得好:厕所的历史[译注 5]》的著者曾对加拿大博物馆的一个巡回展览英语travelling exhibition的参观者进行了调查,询问他们偏好于哪一个放置方向。当该展览在2001年6月于亨茨维尔开办时,其就已经收集了13000名参观者的回应,当中67%选择朝外放[29]温尼伯圣博尼法斯博物馆英语Saint Boniface Museum于2005年2月开设了一部予人选择所偏好的“卷筒式卫生纸放置方向”的投票机。 结果显示5,831票选择朝外放,5,679票选择朝内放。不过博物馆主任指出“我认为这有舞弊的成分在内”[30]

乔治亚太平洋股份有限公司为了让其新品牌Quilted Northern能够顺利打入市场,便自1993年起开始调查美国人跟卫生间有关的习惯,其部分调查结果如下[31]

  • 《1993年卫生纸用户偏好及实践报告》:1200名受访者当中有73%选择朝外放。新闻稿称:“首次调查就解决了此一永无止境的争论”[32]
  • 《1994年卫生纸报告》:1000名受访者当中有59%选择朝外放[33],该次调查是由咨询机构KRC Research负责进行[34]
  • 《1995年卫生纸报告》:1000名受访者当中有59%选择朝外放,29%选择朝内放[35];该次调查同由咨询机构KRC Research负责进行[33]
  • 《2001年卫生间机密报告》:1001名受访者当中有63%选择朝外放,该次调查是由Impulse Research调查公司负责进行[36]
  • 《2004年卫生间机密报告》:72%的受访者选择朝外放[37]

美标公司在1993年的国际厨卫产品行业展上进行了一项以“设计师、承包商、零售商、经销商等浴室和厨房销售代表”为对象的投票活动 [38],并询问他们:“卷筒式卫生纸的唯一正确放置方向为何?朝外放还是朝内放[39] ?”朝外放以获得59%的多数票(1826张票)胜出,朝内放则获得1256张票[38]。美标公司的发言人门罗指出:“卫生间是人们的一处领土。你会就不少人对这一问题有着明确立场感到惊讶”[40]。美标公司在2008年委托了欧维希市场研究咨询公司英语Opinion Research Corporation进行《2008年卫生间习惯调查》,其共收集了1001名受访者的回应,当中75%选择朝外放[41]

史谷脱纸业有限公司英语Scott Paper Company于1995年进行的一项调查显示,大多数年纪大于50岁的美国人选择朝外放[42]。另一项由卫生纸品牌Cottonelle于1999年进行的调查显示,68%受访者选择朝外放,25%选择朝内放。专栏作家亨利假设其他受访者皆“毫无疑问地因这一愚蠢的问题而昏了过去”[43]

2010年1月27日,亦即克拉普死后的100周年[12],Cottonelle举办了一场以“大辩论”为名的宣传活动,邀请美国的顾客前往金百利克拉克公司的网站投票[44],并于第82届奥斯卡金像奖举办期间公布结果:72%的投票者选择朝外放[45]。Cottonelle的另一项初步调查则访问了1000名美国人,结果发现选择朝外放的人较会留意卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向(74%),选择朝外放的人当中亦有24%在“方向不正确”时感到恼火,27%曾在友人家把放置方向纠正[46]

变量

性别与年龄

波雷茨与辛罗德把其在1989年进行的调查之结果按性别年龄划分。其结果中选择朝内放的百分比如下[47]

年龄
性别
21–34 35–44 45–54 55+ 平均
男性 29% 29
 
19% 19
 
40% 40
 
37% 37
 
31% 31
 
女性 19% 19
 
35% 35
 
38% 38
 
17% 17
 
33% 33
 
平均 24% 24
 
27% 27
 
39% 39
 
27% 27
 
32% 32
 

记载调查结果的书籍并没有写出每个划分群组的受访者数量,因此很难从结果中找出具有统计学意义的差异,但男性跟女性的偏好在结果上并没有差异。不过其他著者则宣称放置方向的确存有性别差异。美标公司的行业展调查指出:“许多男性选择朝外放,并指这样能使卫生纸更易抓上”[40]。 发明家斯巴茨总结其个人经验,指出:“女性偏好于朝外放,男性则偏好于朝内放。我认为女性更对‘卫生纸碰到墙壁’这事感到不安”[48]。 《新闻报英语The Press》的建议专栏作家莫德声称女性更偏好于朝外放,因为她们的“思维更有逻辑”[49]

一项由Cottonelle负责进行的调查显示,男性比起女性更会注意到跟自己偏好不符的卫生纸放置方向,并更容易为此抓狂[50]

在一篇于2003年在《世界新闻周报》刊出的虚构故事“朝鲜秘闻![译注 6]”中,朝鲜最高领导人金正日被塑造成以前是一个想变性的顺性别女性。并以金正日曾看过家庭购物电视网英语Home Shopping Network的谣传、其是奥普拉读书俱乐部英语Oprah's Book Club的成员,和因“把马桶圈放了下来及不把卫生纸朝内放而对工作人员大吵大闹”作支持理据[51]

《W. C.厕所的原初卫生间指南(第2卷)[译注 7]》一著指出:“老年人更喜欢以朝外放的方式安装卫生纸,其比例超过了4比1”[52]。巴克利的《卫生间指南[译注 8]》同样地指50岁或以上的人会拥有这样的倾向[53]

社经地位及政治倾向

辛罗德在其调查中观察到:“60%每月收入为5万美元以上的人偏好于朝外放,73%每月收入为2万美元以下的则偏好于朝内放”[26]。不过他指出:“这尽管挺有趣,但我却不知道它证明了什么”[25]

萨斯卡通曾以“您是否赞成在所有公共洗手间中以末端向外的方式安装卷筒式卫生纸?”这条问题来试行一部新投票机。结果显示768票赞成(80%),196票反对。 它被当地认定为“一个不跟政治有关”的问题[54]。然而南阿巴拉契亚科学与工程博览上的一个青少年科学项目英语science project调查总结道,自由主义者偏好于朝外放,而保守主义者则偏好于朝内放[55]

著名的回答

建议专栏作家兰德斯英语Ann Landers是其中一个被问到卷筒式卫生纸应朝哪个方向放置的著名人物。其回答为“朝内放”。这回答使得其收到了数以千计的抨击信件。在她更改建议为“朝外放”后,又再收到了额外数千封抨击信件[56]。 她于最后总共收到15000封针对这议题的来信,使得此一议题成为了其31年专栏作家生涯中最具争议性的[57],这令她感到好奇:“世上明明有很多问题,为什么成千上万的人只会关心‘卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向’这一个问题?”[56]

兰德斯于1986年11月向加拿大旅行人员商业协会指出:“优质的卫生纸一般是以‘朝外放’的预期安装方式来设计的”[57]。她其后于1996年的《奥普拉·温弗里秀》上讲解了这一问题,节目中68%的现场观众选择朝外放;温弗里认为朝内放较耗费纸张[58]。兰德斯于1998年写道此一争论“看起来注定会永无止境地持续下去,并坚持地指:“尽管很多人喜欢以使纸张从上方下来的方式安装卷筒式卫生纸,但我仍较偏好于‘卫生纸的末端能贴近墙壁’的安装方式”[54]。她在专栏作家生涯的最后一天中写道:“注:卷筒式卫生纸应朝外放”[59]。在她去世后,仍有人针对其回答发表评论。在由大卫·兰博英语David Rambo择写,并于2005年首演的一部女独幕剧中,女主角称兰德斯为“能解答一切的女士”。该剧亦涉猎了“卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向”这个问题,并由该名女演员询问观众的意见[60]

伯恩斯在《社会学教学》中写道探讨卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向的活动是有价值的,因为“每个人都很熟悉这一议题;每个人都是有自己想法的专家”[61]

 
卷筒式卫生纸的发明人惠勒的专利设计图[62][63]

影响

卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向是已婚伴侣陷入争吵的原因之一[64]。此一问题亦可能会于企业和公共场所中出现[65]

即使在南极阿蒙森-史考特南极站,亦有人就卷筒式卫生纸的安装方式作出投诉。在六个月长的极夜期间,几十个在考察站的人被迫住在一起,并需为食物及卫生问题担忧。尽管极地气候为他们带来了挑战,“但真正考验他们的仍是日常生活中的性格不合及冲突”[66]

争议的解决方法

一些解决方案主张透过技术来解决之,而另一些则主张应从行为入手。

技术

“Tilt-A-Roll”是一款由工业工程师巴茨于1996年发明的旋转式卫生纸分发器[48]。他的专利申请总结其为:“一款能将轭架固定到安装部件上的角度可调式连接器,其能使轭架绕着主轴垂直旋转。这样卫生纸便能按需要自由调至从上方或下方展开”[67]。赫特森这名发明家在2009年的电视节目《推销之王英语PitchMen》中也展示了类似的器具[68]

另一个解决方案则是同时使用两个卫生纸架,这于公厕及酒店中比较常见[69]。安妮信箱的一名读者在专栏上建议使用足够大的卫生纸架来同时放置两个卷筒卷筒式卫生纸,并留意到朝外放的卫生纸往往较常被人使用。另一位读者则以上一段所述的支架来解决这一争议[70]。不共用卫生间也能解决之[71]

行为

卷筒式卫生纸的放置方向在修辞上也用于比喻政府没有制定商业规定、噪音污染的条例[72],以及离婚的严格要求[73]。为了抗议新罕布什尔州在当时正在草拟的餐厅酒吧禁烟规定,众议员贝姆问道:“我们是否很快就会被告知卫生纸该怎么放?”[74]

由奥康纳择写,并于2005年出版的书籍《亨德森的家规:更换卫生纸和其他争议的官方指南》旨在以权威和合理的规则来使争论在最少妥协的情况下得以解决[75]。当中针对卫生纸的家规为朝外放,并于其后附上一整页描绘这个放置方向的插图。但其仍同时指出:“如果女性家人对此一选择有着强烈的意见,则以其选择为优先。这无疑是一个很奇怪的偏好,但女性使用卫生纸的频率远高于男性——因此家规便如此制定”[76]

注释及参考资料

译注

  1. ^ 原文:Bathroom Politics: Introducing Students to Sociological Thinking from the Bottom Up
  2. ^ 这本书的中译名参考了蓝狮子文化创意有限公司于2013年出版的翻译本[9]
  3. ^ 原文:The First Really Important Survey of American Habits
  4. ^ 原文:Are You Normal?
  5. ^ 原文:Sitting Pretty: The History of the Toilet
  6. ^ 原文:North Korea Shocker!
  7. ^ 原文:Privy's Original Bathroom Companion, Number 2
  8. ^ 原文:The Bathroom Companion

注脚

  1. ^ 对于每方支持者的论据,请参见两方支持者的理据;对于名人和专家对此的意见,请参见著名的回答;对于这一问题的背景和意义,请参见背景和意义
  2. ^ 参见争议的解决方法
  3. ^ Burns 2003.
  4. ^ Burns 2003,第111页.
  5. ^ Burns 2003,第113页.
  6. ^ Collett 2008.
  7. ^ Peterson 2006,第173–175页.
  8. ^ Gernsbacher 2007.
  9. ^ 《忍不住帮你做宣传》. 京东电子书频道. [2018-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-21). 
  10. ^ Cesvet, Babinski & Alper 2008,第68页.
  11. ^ Voice of America 2004.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Progressive Grocer 2010.
  13. ^ Ode 2010: "The Kimberly-Clark company cites three advantages for rolling over: perforation control, viewing advantage and wall avoidance."; Garton 2005Jarski & Jarski 2007.
  14. ^ Ode 2010; Elliott 2006
  15. ^ Lind 1992; "The Grand Princess cruise ship replaces its toilet paper with the leading edge over the front, so that it can be folded as is done in five-star hotels. (Yes, someone really did ask this question.)" (Carpenter 1999); Rosencrans 1998; Garton 2005.
  16. ^ Grant 1991b; Garton 2005; Mitchell & Sugar 2005a; Jarski & Jarski 2007.
  17. ^ Jarski & Jarski 2007
  18. ^ Toilet Paper Orientation Re: Brandweek 2009. [2015-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-21). 
  19. ^ Darbo 2007; Garton 2005; O'Connor 2005,第63页.
  20. ^ Nerbas 2009.
  21. ^ Ode 2010; Weingarten 2008; Keeran 1993.
  22. ^ Downey & Harrison 1993.
  23. ^ McNatt 2010.
  24. ^ Scriven 1991,"Evaluation Thesaurus", pp. 151–153, especially p. 153 for the quotations.
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Rubin 1989.
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Oldenburg 1989.
  27. ^ Mark Wolf Scripps Howard News Service 1990.
  28. ^ Kanner 1995,第56, 120页.
  29. ^ Ladan 2001.
  30. ^ Nestruck 2005.
  31. ^ 1996年的调查报告可能并不包含这条问题(McCarthey 1996)
  32. ^ PR Newswire 1993.
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Ortega 1995.
  34. ^ Ciancio 1994.
  35. ^ Ciancio 1995.
  36. ^ Dickson 2001.
  37. ^ Ebenkamp 2004; Pierson 2004.
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Toronto Star staff and news services 1993.
  39. ^ Stark 1993.
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Clark 1993.
  41. ^ American Standard Press 2008.
  42. ^ Harden 1995.
  43. ^ Henry 1999.
  44. ^ CottonelleRollPoll.com. [2018-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-30). 
  45. ^ Ode 2010.
  46. ^ PR Newswire 2010.
  47. ^ Poretz & Sinrod 1989,第34页.
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 Floyd 1999.
  49. ^ Ms Maud 2002.
  50. ^ Kimberly-Clark 2010.
  51. ^ LaForte 2003.
  52. ^ Barrett & Mingo 2003,第400页.
  53. ^ Buckley 2005,第106页.
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Landers 1998.
  55. ^ Keim 1997.
  56. ^ 56.0 56.1 Marelius 1987.
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 Toronto Star 1986.
  58. ^ The Oprah Winfrey Show 1996.
  59. ^ Landers 2002.
  60. ^ Welsh 2005; Rawson 2008.
  61. ^ Burns 2003,第116页.
  62. ^ Maybelle Morgan. Over or under? The age-old debate of which way a roll of toilet paper should sit is FINALLY settled... by a 124-year-old diagram. Mailonline, dailymail.co.uk. Daily Mail. 2015-03-19 [2015-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-14). 
  63. ^ Jenny Che. This 124-Year-Old Patent Reveals The Right Way To Use Toilet Paper. HuffPost: Business. The Huffington Post. 2015-03-17 [2015-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-08). 
  64. ^ Wolf 1999,第74–75页;Hogan & Hogan 2000,第200页.
  65. ^ Lui 2009Grant 1991a.
  66. ^ Daily Express 1999,第39页.
  67. ^ US 5588615 US 5690302 
  68. ^ Zayas 2009.
  69. ^ Walsh 1999; Marelius 1987.
  70. ^ Mitchell & Sugar 2005b.
  71. ^ Arkins 1994; Jarski & Jarski 2007.
  72. ^ Ratzlaff 2009.
  73. ^ Wuthrich 2006.
  74. ^ Saunders 2006.
  75. ^ O'Connor 2005,第2–3页.
  76. ^ O'Connor 2005,第63–64页; Davis 2006.

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