汉堡大轰炸
汉堡轰炸,又名蛾摩拉行动(Operation Gomorrah),是指第二次世界大战期间,从1943年7月24日开始到8月3日,英国皇家空军对德国第二大城市,重要港口和工业中心汉堡进行的多次猛烈轰炸。这是空战史上最大的战役之一,被称为德国的广岛。策划者是英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔和英国皇家空军元帅阿瑟·哈里斯。[1]
蛾摩拉行动动用了3000架飞机,投弹约9000吨,燃烧造成800℃的高温,轰炸造成至少50,000人死亡,其中大部分是平民,摧毁房屋25万栋,一半以上城市被摧毁,致使100万平民无家可归。
在汉堡,有一些有关这次轰炸的纪念物,例如汉堡圣尼古拉教堂。许多战后重建的房屋都标有“毁于1943年,重建于”字样。
参考文献
- ^ Yardley, Jonathan. Review of AC Grayling's Among the Dead Cities. The Washington Post. 2006-04-09 [2009-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22).
- Hamburg, 28th July 1943. RAF History Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. 2005-04-06 [2009-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-25).
- Lowe, Keith. Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg, 1943. Viking. 2007. ISBN 0-670-91557-2.
- Friedrich, Jörg. The Fire: The bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. New York: Columbia University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-231-13380-4.
- Grayling, A. C. Among the Dead Cities. New York: Walker Publishing Company Inc. 2006. ISBN 0-8027-1471-4.
- Interrogation of Captured Prisoners, United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report, (European War), September 30, 1945 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Memories of a 14 year old girl (in German)
- Nossack, Hans. The End: Hamburg 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2004. ISBN 0-226-59556-0.
- Sebald, Winfried. On the Natural History of Destruction. New York: Random House. 2003. ISBN 0-375-50484-2.
- Speech given by Sir Paul Torry, British Ambassador, in Hamburg, 24 July 2003(英文)
- Spaight. James M. "Bombing Vindicated" G. Bles, 1944. ASIN: B0007IVW7K(Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the UK Air Ministry)
外部链接
- „Gefangen im Glut-Orkan“ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) small picture and "video"-documentation about the July of 1943, einestages: Zeitgeschichte auf Spiegel Online, 24-7-2008