肋骨骨折

肋骨骨折(英语:rib fracture),是指发生在肋骨骨折[1],通常随呼吸起伏而引起胸痛[1];骨折处可能出现瘀伤[3]。若多根肋骨骨折时,可能导致连枷胸英语Flail chest[4]。其潜在的并发症为气胸肺挫伤肺炎[2][1]

肋骨骨折
又称肋骨断裂
胸部X光片可以看到患者左胸红圈处有多节陈旧性肋骨骨折
症状吸气时疼痛加剧[1]
并发症肺挫伤气胸肺炎[1][2]
病因胸部创伤[2]
诊断方法症状、医学影像[3]
药物对乙酰氨基酚非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)、鸦片类药物[2]
预后疼痛症状通常会在6周内改善[3]
患病率常见[2]
分类和外部资源
医学专科急诊医学
ICD-11NA82.3
ICD-10S22.3、​S22.4
DiseasesDB11553
eMedicine825981
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

肋骨骨折通常肇因于患者胸部直接遭受钝力伤害,例如遭遇交通事故或发生辗压伤英语Crush injury[2][1],亦可能因为咳嗽或远端转移而导致[1]。最常骨折的部位为中间的肋骨[5][1];第一根或第二根肋骨骨折则是最常见有并发症发生[6]。通常根据临床症状辅以医学影像来诊断[3]

疼痛管理为治疗最重要的一环[7],可能会采用对乙酰胺基酚非类固醇抗发炎药鸦片类药物[1]。采用神经阻断英语nerve block也是一种方法[1]。连枷胸的患者接受手术有助于改善预后[8][9]。本疾病为常见的创伤伤害[10]

症状

典型的症状为胸痛,通常吸气时疼痛会加剧[1]。骨折处亦可能出现淤斑[3]

并发症

有连续数根肋骨骨折时,可能导致连枷胸英语Flail chest[4]。潜在的并发症有气胸肺挫伤肺炎[2][1]

病因

肋骨骨折可能是在从事休闲活动时,因遭受直接或间接的外力撞击所导致。接受心肺复苏术也会造成胸廓受伤,像是肋骨骨折、胸骨骨折英语sternum fractures等;肋骨骨折也可能因患病所导致,例如罹患癌症类风湿性关节炎等病症。年长者可能因跌倒而导致肋骨骨折,但成人最常见的成因为发生车祸事故[11]

诊断

肋骨骨折的病征如下[12]

  • 吸气时疼痛加剧
  • 胸部肿胀
  • 胸部瘀青
  • 呼吸短促
  • 咳血(可能是肋骨刺伤肺脏)

X光可确定位移性骨折,但是往往容易忽略无位移的骨折[13];以电脑断层检查可确定这两种骨折[13]。 因为儿童的肋骨较成人有弹性,所以较可能弯曲而非直接折断,因此当儿童患者发生肋骨骨折,代表其遭受剧烈的撞击,同时也表示患者胸部很可能有重大伤害,如发生肺部挫伤[4]。年长者会发生肋骨骨折,也表示曾遭受较严重的外伤[14]

治疗

肋骨骨折并没有特定的治疗方式,但是有多种辅助性的措施。比较单纯的肋骨骨折者,胸痛可能会让患者减少活动和避免咳嗽,然而这可能导致次发性的胸部感染[15]。连枷胸这种伤害有危及性命的潜在性;患者往往需要一段时间的呼吸辅助英语assisted ventilation[16]。连枷胸和第一肋骨骨折通常肇因于高能量的撞击,需要仔细检查是否有潜在的脏器伤害,如肺脏挫伤,或是相对比较远端的伤害,如颈椎伤害。自发性的骨折者,如果患者是运动员,通常需要避开成因,如避免丢球,同时注意维持心血管健康英语cardiovascular fitness[需要可靠医学来源]

神经阻断术

神经阻断术可能有助于控制疼痛,如背部听诊三角英语Triangle of auscultation的菱形肌肋骨间阻断[17]硬脊膜外麻醉脊柱旁阻断麻醉(paravertebral block)、竖脊肌平面阻断术(erector spinae plane block)、前锯肌平面阻断术(serratus anterior plane block)[18][19][20]。目前尚无足够证据能表明何种阻断术效果与安全性最佳[21][22]

外科手术

肋骨骨折的外固定/内固定治疗方式有下列几种:

  • Judet板和Sanchez都是附有支束的金属板,既可随肋骨角度弯曲,还可以透过缝合加强固定[23]
  • 市面上有多种肋骨固定的医材系统,其一为用螺丝将金属骨板固定在肋骨上,其二是使用骨髓内固定器,打定位螺钉到骨头内来固定[24]
  • 前侧固定骨板是一块金属骨板,整片都有打锁螺丝的洞,可将骨板放在肋骨上并且以螺丝锁在理想的位置。骨板可以折弯以吻合该部位的轮廓[25]
  • 使用U板将螺钉固定于肋骨前缘[26]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Mosby's Medical Dictionary (E-Book). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 1567. ISBN 978-0323112581. (原始内容存档于2017-10-13) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 May, L; Hillermann, C; Patil, S. Rib fracture management. BJA Education. January 2016, 16 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv011 . 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Adams, James G. Emergency Medicine E-Book: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012: 682. ISBN 978-1455733941. (原始内容存档于2017-10-13) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wanek, Sandra; Mayberry, John C. Blunt thoracic trauma: flail chest, pulmonary contusion, and blast injury. Critical Care Clinics. 2004, 20 (1): 71–81. PMID 14979330. doi:10.1016/S0749-0704(03)00098-8. 
  5. ^ Nanni, Christina. PET-CT: Rare Findings and Diseases. Springer. 2012: 257. ISBN 978-3-642-24698-2. 
  6. ^ Murphy CE, 4th; Raja, AS; Baumann, BM; Medak, AJ; Langdorf, MI; Nishijima, DK; Hendey, GW; Mower, WR; Rodriguez, RM. Rib Fracture Diagnosis in the Panscan Era. (PDF). Annals of Emergency Medicine. 27 May 2017, 70 (6): 904–909 [2022-04-24]. PMID 28559032. S2CID 23442272. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.04.011. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-03-14). 
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  10. ^ Senekjian, L; Nirula, R. Rib Fracture Fixation: Indications and Outcomes.. Critical Care Clinics. January 2017, 33 (1): 153–65. PMID 27894495. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.009. 
  11. ^ Rib FractureeMedicine
  12. ^ Broken or bruised ribs. NHS.UK. 2015 [15 August 2015]. (原始内容存档于20 August 2015). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Dennis, BM; Bellister, SA; Guillamondegui, OD. Thoracic Trauma.. The Surgical Clinics of North America. October 2017, 97 (5): 1047–1064. PMID 28958357. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2017.06.009. 
  14. ^ Kent, Richard; Woods, William; Bostrom, Ola. Fatality Risk and the Presence of Rib Fractures. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine / Annual Scientific Conference. 2008-01-01, 52: 73–84. ISSN 1943-2461. PMC 3256783 . PMID 19026224. 
  15. ^ Morice, A H; McGarvey, L; Pavord, I. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. Thorax. 2006, 61 (Suppl 1): i1–24. PMC 2080754 . PMID 16936230. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.065144. 
  16. ^ Paul, Pauline; Williams, Beverly. Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Canadian Medical-surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wil. 2009-01-01: 637. ISBN 9780781799898. (原始内容存档于2016-06-29) (英语). 
  17. ^ Ökmen, K. Efficacy of rhomboid intercostal block for analgesia after thoracotomy.. The Korean Journal of Pain. 1 April 2019, 32 (2): 129–132. PMC 6549589 . PMID 31091512. doi:10.3344/kjp.2019.32.2.129. 
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  19. ^ Grant, Stuart A.; Auyong, David B. Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia. Oxford University Press. 2016: PT388 [2022-07-12]. ISBN 9780190630478. (原始内容存档于2021-08-29) (英语). 
  20. ^ Riley, B.; Malla, U.; Snels, N.; Mitchell, A.; Abi-Fares, C.; Basson, W.; Anstey, C.; White, L. Erector spinae and serratus anterior blocks for the management of rib fractures: A retrospective exploratory matched study. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020, 38 (8): 1689–1691. PMID 31932127. S2CID 210194417. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.01.007 (英语). 
  21. ^ White, L.; Riley, B.; Malla, U.; Snels, N.; Mitchell, A.; Abi-Fares, C.; Basson, W.; Anstey, C. ESB vs SAB in chest wall trauma, which is better?: A response and decision making guide. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020-08-15, 38 (10): 2221–2223. ISSN 0735-6757. PMID 32843243. S2CID 221328812. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.004 (英语). 
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