肌腱病变

肌腱病变(英语:tendinopathy)又称肌腱病[6]tendinosis)、肌腱变性,旧称肌腱炎[注 1]tendinitis),是一种肌腱疾患,可造成疼痛、局部肿胀、与功能障碍[3][1]。典型的疼痛会随着肢体动作而变得明显[9]。好发于关节附近[3][10][2]

肌腱病变
又称肌腱炎、肌腱退化[1][2]
跟腱(肌腱病变好发部位之一)
症状疼痛、肿胀[3]
病因损伤、重复性动作[3]
诊断方法症状、理学检查医学影像[4]
治疗休息、非类固醇消炎止痛药副木物理治疗[5]
预后80%在六个月内改善[2]
患病率常见[3][2]
分类和外部资源
医学专科复健医学
ICD-10M67.9
MedlinePlus001229
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

病因可为损伤或重复性动作[3]。高风险族群包含劳工音乐家运动员[11]。较少见的原因包含有:感染关节炎痛风甲状腺疾病、糖尿病[12]。诊断通常依据症状、理学检查、偶尔加上医学影像检查[4]。受伤几周后发炎会大幅减少,后续潜在问题则与肌腱细纤维英语Fibril虚弱或破裂有关[13]

治疗可包含休息、非类固醇消炎止痛药副木、和物理治疗[5],偶尔采用类固醇注射、手术[5]等方式。80%的病人在六个月内改善[2]。肌腱病变是一个相对常见的疾病[3]。年长者更常受到影响[11]。肌腱病变可导致劳动力的大量损失[2]

症状

症状包括触诊压痛和疼痛,尤其是在运动或活动的时候[14]

病因

病因可能包括损伤或重复性的动作,比如打网球[3] 。高危险群包括从事劳力工作的人、音乐家、运动员[11]。较少见的原因包括感染、关节炎、痛风、甲状腺疾病、糖尿病[12]。肌腱受伤可能愈合不良[15]

奎诺酮类抗生素英语Quinolone antibiotic可增加肌腱炎和肌腱破裂的风险[16]。2013年的一项研究发现,服用氟奎诺酮类药物的人当中,肌腱损伤的发生率在0.08%至0.2%之间[17]。氟奎诺酮类药物最常影响下肢的大型负重肌腱,尤其跟腱大约占了肌腱破裂病例中的30%至40%[18]

类型

病生理机转

截至2016年,对肌腱病变的病生理机转还是所知有限[19][20];虽然发炎反应看起来占有一定角色,但是还不了解组织结构变化、肌腱功能、疼痛之间的关系,目前存在的几种机转理论模型都没有被完全认可或否定。发炎的分子机制包括释放发炎性细胞激素,例如IL-1β,会降低人类肌腱细胞第一型胶原蛋白信使核糖核酸的表现并导致肌腱细胞外基质降解[21]

其多重因素理论可包括:超过负荷的拉扯、破坏肌腱细胞胶原蛋白的合成、过度负荷导致的局部缺血、神经芽体增生、热损伤、适应性压挤反应。肌腱束的腱内滑动和肌腱束界面处的剪力可能是发展肌腱病变和导致容易断裂的重要力学因素[22]肥胖症(更具体是指脂肪组织)也与肌腱病变的发病率增加有关[23]

然而这种情况最普遍接受的原因是内外在因素都有关联的过度使用症候群,可导致进行性的影响或原有修复反应失灵。肌腱病变涉及细胞凋亡、基质解体、血管新生[24]

“肌腱退化”的典型特征包括胶原基质的退化性变化、细胞过度增生、血管过度增生、发炎细胞缺乏,这些特征挑战“肌腱炎”这个原始误称[25][26]

组织学发现包括肉芽组织、微破裂、退化性变化、没有传统的发炎现象,因此可用“外肘肌腱病变或肌腱退化”取代“肱骨外上髁炎”这个名称[27]

肱骨外上髁炎组织检查显示非发炎性组织,因此专业术语采用“血管纤维母细胞性肌腱退化”(英语:angiofibroblastic tendinosis[28]

有肌腱病变的肌腱培养发现第三型胶原蛋白英语Collagen, type III, alpha 1产量增加[29][30]

外肘纵切超声波图显示伸肌肌腱增厚和异质性,与肌腱退化的表现一致,超声波显示钙化、质内撕裂、外上髁明显的不规则。尽管常用“上髁炎”一词来描述这个疾病,但大多数组织病理学研究均未发现急性或慢性的发炎证据。组织学研究表示这种情况起因于肌腱的退化,导致正常组织被失序排列的胶原蛋白所替代。因此该病比较适合称作“肌腱退化”或“肌腱病变”,而不是“肌腱炎”[31]

彩色多普勒超声波可显示肌腱的结构变化,其血流强度和低回波区可对应到位于伸肌肌肉起点英语Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Origin疼痛处[32]

过度负荷所诱发的非破裂性肌腱病变与下列状况相关:第三型胶原蛋白比例增加(相对于第一型胶原蛋白)、胶原纤维管径变小、肌腱细胞外基质胶原束弯曲变形、肌腱细胞及其细胞核弯曲变形[33]

诊断

 
肌腱炎与肌腱破裂的图解说明

不同病例的症状差异可以很大,从酸痛或疼痛、局部关节僵硬、到发炎肌腱周围整个关节的灼热感。某些情况下,肿胀会伴随局部发热和发红,关节周围可能出现可见的硬块,此时关节活动期间和活动后疼痛通常会加剧,次日肌腱拉紧肌肉时,肌腱和关节区域变得僵硬。许多病患表示生活压力与初期的疼痛有关。

医学影像

超声波检查可用于评估组织拉伤以及其他机械特质[34]

超声波检查因其价格合理、安全性高、检查速度快而变得越来越流行。超声波可以用于组织成像,音波也能提供组织机械状态的相关资讯[35]

治疗

肌腱损伤大部分采用保守治疗。

非类固醇消炎止痛药

非类固醇消炎止痛药可用于短期缓解疼痛,对长期结果没有太大改变[2]。其他类型的止痛药,如乙酰胺酚,可能有类似效用[2]

类固醇

目前尚无证据显示类固醇注射具有长期的益处,但短期内比非类固醇消炎止痛药更有效[36]。类固醇注射似乎对旋转袖肌腱炎没有什么帮助[37]。使用类固醇常被担心可能产生负面影响[38]

其他注射

没有足够证据建议常规例行使用各种注射疗法(自体血、高浓度血小板血浆、去蛋白血液透析液、抑肽酶英语Aprotinin、多硫酸化糖胺聚糖、皮肤纤维母细胞等)治疗跟腱肌腱病变[39]。截至2014年,尚无足够的证据支持注射高浓度血小板血浆来治疗肌肉骨骼软组织损伤,例如韧带、肌肉、肌腱的撕裂伤和肌腱病变[40]

预后

病情初步改善通常在2到3个月内,完全康复通常在3到6个月内。大约80%的病患在12个月内完全康复[2]

流行病学

肌腱损伤及其导致的肌腱病变占运动相关医师和肌肉骨骼医事人员的咨询病例可达30%[41]。肌腱病变最常见于运动员,无论是受伤前或受伤后,但是非运动员和久坐的民众也越来越普遍,比如在一个以一般民众为基础的研究中,发现多数跟腱肌腱病变的病例并未与其体育活动有关[42]。在另一个研究中,从1979-1986年到1987-1994年跟腱肌腱病变发病率增加了六倍[43]旋转袖肌腱病变发生率从0.3%到5.5%不等,年盛行率介于0.5%到7.4%之间[44]

专业术语

“肌腱炎”是一个非常普遍使用但容易被误解的专业术语。根据定义,后缀“炎”表示“发炎”。发炎[45]是人体对组织损伤的局部反应,其中涉及红血球白血球、使损伤部位血管扩张血液蛋白。肌腱是相对缺乏血管的[46]。皮质类固醇是抑制发炎的药物,可短期缓解慢性肌腱病变的疼痛并改善功能与减少肿胀,但是长期复发的风险会增加[47]。皮质类固醇通常与少量称为利多卡因的麻醉药一起注射。研究显示注射皮质类固醇后的肌腱较为脆弱。肌腱炎仍然是非常普遍的诊断,尽管越来越多的研究认为这些肌腱炎常常其实是肌腱退化[48]

解剖学上相近但不同的状况有:

研究

在压痛最明显的范围使用一氧化氮递送系统(硝酸甘油药布)可减轻疼痛并增加关节活动度与肌力[56]

离心训练英语Eccentric training可能是有潜力的治疗方式,运动时肌肉同时用力与被拉长[57]

其他动物

屈腱炎英语Bowed tendon是马术师用来表示肌腱炎和肌腱退化的术语,最常见于马前腿的浅指屈肌肌腱。

来自马的骨髓或脂肪的间充质干细胞可用于修复马的肌腱[58]

备注

  1. ^ 以往“过劳性肌腱病”被称为肌腱炎(tendinitis),“itis”表示病理为炎症。但,手术活检肌腱病变的组织样本,常没有发现炎症细胞。现在的共识是:肌腱病本质上是反复过度使用引起的退行性病变,而不是炎症性病变。因此“肌腱炎”已不再是优选术语,而“肌腱病”和“肌腱变性”更常用[7][8]

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