近距离治疗
近距离治疗(取自希腊语“brachys”一词,意思是“短距离”),也称作内照射放疗、密封源式放射治疗、镭疗法或内部镭疗法,是放射治疗的一种形式,即将放射源放置于需要治疗的部位内部或附近。近距离放射治疗被广泛应用于宫颈癌[1]、前列腺癌[2]、乳腺癌[3],食道癌[4]和皮肤癌[5],也同样适用于许多其他部位的肿瘤治疗。[6] 近距离放疗可单独进行或与其他疗法,如外科手术、外照射放疗和化疗结合。
不同于外照射放疗,即高能量的X射线从体外照射肿瘤。近距离放疗是将放射源准确地放置于癌变肿瘤的区域。[6][7] 近距离放疗最大的特点是:照射只影响到放射源周围十分有限的区域。因而,可减小距离放射源较远的正常组织受到的照射量。此外,在治疗过程中,如果病人或体内的肿瘤发生移动,放射源因为事由机器控制,而且是再固定的管道中,所以能保持相对于肿瘤的正确位置。近距离治疗的这些特色使其具备了外照射无法企及的多种优点——肿瘤可以接受局部高剂量治疗,同时周围的健康组织所获得的不必要的损伤也大大降低。[6][7]
同其他放射治疗技术相比,近距离治疗的疗程更短,有助于降低在每次治疗间隙存活癌细胞分裂与生长的概率。[7] 与外照射治疗相比,患者可以减少来院就医的次数。治疗通常是以门诊的形式进行,为患者提供了更加直接、便捷的就医方式。[8][9] 近距离治疗的这些特点保证了大多数患者对近距离放疗良好的耐受性。
近距离放疗可有效治疗多种类型的癌症。治疗结果表明,近距离治疗的治愈率与手术或外照射相近。当这些技术相结合时,治愈率更高。[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] 另外,近距离治疗产生副作用的风险更低。[18][19]
历史
近距离放射治疗的历史可以追溯到1901年(1896年贝克勒尔发现放射性元素不久)。当时皮埃尔·居里(Pierre Curie) 向亨利亚历山大·当洛(Henri-Alexandre Danlos)提议可以将放射源植入肿瘤,[20][21] 放射源的照射可使肿瘤缩小。[21] 同一时期,亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔(Alexander Graham Bell)也提出了放射源的这一应用方式。[21] 在二十世纪初,巴黎居里研究所的当洛及纽约圣路加纪念医院的罗伯特·阿贝(Robert Abbe)率先开始应用近距离治疗技术。[6][21]
近距离治疗兴起之初,在欧洲及美国产生不小的反响。但到二十世纪中叶,由于放射源的手工操作会对操作者造成有害的照射,[21][22]近距离治疗的利用率逐渐下滑。
然而,随着远程后装系统的发展,治疗时放射源从一个带屏蔽的储源罐中进出。以及在20世纪50年代和60年代新放射源的应用,使得操作者及患者接收有害照射的风险大大降低。[20] 随着三维成像技术、计算机化的治疗计划系统和治疗设备的最新进展,近距离治疗成为一种安全、有效的治疗方式,可适用于多种癌症类型。[6]
类型
界定不同类型的近距离治疗,可依据:
- 治疗靶区放射源的放置方式
- 肿瘤接受到的剂量率或“强度”
- 剂量照射的持续时间
放射源的放置方式
根据放射源的放置方式,近距离治疗可分为两大类型:组织间插植式和接触式。
- 接触式近距离治疗是将放射源放置于靠近靶区组织的空间。[6]这个空间可以是体内的空腔(腔内近距离治疗)如:宫颈、子宫或阴道;体内管腔(管腔内近距离治疗)如:气管 、食管;或外部(敷贴式近距离治疗) 如:皮肤。[6] 放射源也可放置于血管中(血管内近距离治疗)治疗冠状动脉支架内再狭窄疾病[23]。
剂量率
近距离治疗的剂量率指的是放射源对周围媒介的照射剂量的水平或“强度”,并以戈瑞每小时(Gy/h)来表示。
- 中剂量率(MDR)近距离放疗的特点是应用中等剂量率的放射源进行治疗,剂量率范围为2 Gy/hr至12 Gy/hr。[24]
- 高剂量率(HDR)近距离放疗是指剂量率超过12 Gy/hr的情况。[24] 高剂量率近距离治疗最常见的治疗部位包括:子宫颈、[1] 食道、[28] 肺,[29]乳腺[3]与前列腺。[2] 多数高剂量率治疗是以门诊的形式进行,但也会因为治疗身体部位的不同而有所变化。[30]
剂量照射的持续时间
放射源在靶区的放置方式,分为短期和永久。
临床应用
近距离治疗常用于治疗癌症的身体部位:宫颈[1]、前列腺[2]、乳腺[3],食道[4]与皮肤[5]。
近距离治疗还可用于治疗以下部位的癌症: 脑,[33]、眼[34]、头颈(唇、口底、舌、鼻咽及口咽)[25]、呼吸道(气管与支气管)、[29] 消化道(食道、胆囊、胆管、直肠、肛门)[28][35][36][37]、泌尿道(膀胱、尿道、阴茎)[38][39][40]、女性生殖器官(子宫、阴道、阴户)[41][42]和软组织。[26]
由于放射源可以被精确地放置于肿瘤治疗的部位,近距离治疗可实现局部高剂量放疗。此外,由于放射源可以被准确地放置于肿瘤靶区中或临近位置,在患者移动或体内肿瘤运动时,放射源与肿瘤的相对位置可保持不变。因此,放射源可以在靶区内保持准备的定位。这一特点使得临床医师可以获得很高的剂量适形度——保证整个肿瘤获得最佳的照射剂量,同时减少肿瘤周围健康组织、器官和结构的损伤的风险,[30] 进而提高治愈和保留器官功能的可能性。
相对于外照射放疗,使用高剂量率近距离治疗可缩短整个治疗时间。[43][44] 一般情况下,接受近距离治疗的患者相对于外照射治疗到医院就医的次数更少,可在更短的时间完成整个放疗过程。[45] 许多近距离治疗都是以门诊的方式进行,这为需要上班、老年患者、或居住在距治疗中心较远的患者提供了便利,保证了他们有条件接受治疗并完成治疗计划。同时,更短的治疗时间及门诊就医的方式也提高了放疗科室的效率。[46][47]
对于肿瘤较小或局部晚期肿瘤、肿瘤没有转移(没有扩散至其他的身体部位)的病人,近距离治疗可达到治愈癌症的目的。对于适当选择的病例,近距离治疗原发性肿瘤与手术治疗的方式所达到的疗效近似,可获得相同的治愈率,所产生的副作用也类似。[48][49] 但是,对于局部晚期肿瘤,手术通常难以取得很好的治愈率,有时候技术上也难以实施。对于这些病例,包括近距离治疗在内的放射治疗是唯一有可能治愈肿瘤的方式。[50][51] 对于更加晚期的肿瘤,近距离治疗可作为姑息疗法,缓解疼痛及出血症状。
对于肿瘤的位置不容易接触到或肿瘤体积过大,很难达到对治疗区域进行理想照射的病例,近距离治疗可与其他治疗方式相结合,如外照射放疗和/或手术。[6] 近距离治疗单独结合化疗的治疗方式是很少用到的。[52]
子宫颈癌
近距离放疗常用于治疗早期或局部受控的宫颈癌,在许多国家是一种标准的治疗方式。[1][53][54][55][56] 子宫颈癌可接受低剂量率、脉冲式或高剂量率近距离治疗。[12][55][57] 近距离治疗与外照射结合,比单独接受外照射放疗的效果更好。[10] 近距离治疗的精确性使得子宫颈可获得高剂量的靶向照射,同时最大程度降低对于邻近组织及器官的照射。[54][55][58][59]
低剂量率,脉冲式剂量率及高剂量率治疗的无病生存率和带病生存是相似的。[51][60] 但是,高剂量率治疗的最大优势在于可以门诊形式进行治疗,[10]治疗时间短, 为许多患者提供了便利。
前列腺癌
近距离放疗治疗前列腺癌症可以有两种方式:永久性低剂量率粒子植入,或短时性高剂量率近距离治疗。[2][61][62]
永久性粒子植入适用于局部肿瘤及预后良好的患者, [13][61][63][64]对于预防癌症复发,是一种行之有效的治疗方式。[11][13]生存率与外照射或手术(根除式前列腺切除术)类似,但阳痿或大小便失禁等副作用更低。[19]治疗可以很快完成,患者一般在治疗的当天就可回家,1-2天后即可回归正常生活。[8] 与手术切除前列腺相比,永久性粒子植入是一种危害性更小的治疗手段。[8]
短时性高剂量率近距离治疗是治疗前列腺癌的一种新方式,目前还不如粒子植入常见。它更多的用于为外照射提供剂量补充(也称作“推量”治疗),因为它提供了另外一种方式,既可使前列腺内的肿瘤获得适形的高剂量,又避免邻近组织接受不必要的照射。[14][15][16][62][63][65] 高剂量率近距离治疗用于前列腺癌的推量治疗,意味着外照射治疗的疗程要比单独外照射更短。[14][15][50][65]
食道癌
由于食道癌患者发现时多已为中晚期,存活率低[66],近距离放疗可提高放射剂量,及局部复发控制的能力,精准的将剂量传送到食道肿瘤区域[67],一般分为治疗性治疗[68][69][70]和缓和治疗[71][72][73]。治疗性治疗主要针对早期食道癌[68],或是在接受体外照射放疗后,对残余的肿瘤再进行近距离放射,可避免附近组织接受不必要的剂量[69][70]。缓和性治疗则可减缓食道狭窄而造成吞咽困难、疼痛的问题,并能提升对局部复发的控制,可改善患者生存率[71][72]。
食道癌近距离放疗过程,须采用适当的置放器或导管装置,目前有加粗直径的导管[74][68][75]或是于导管上新增一可膨胀装置[76][77],因食道组织富含肌肉,具有强烈的收缩能力,置放器或导管可有效扩张食道,使放射源在管腔内不会接触到食道壁[74][75][78][76]。医生在进行近距离治疗时,会将置放器或导管放入患者食道部位,并用影像确定肿瘤位置,再连接后荷式治疗机,将适当的计量传送到治疗区域。
近距离治疗是一种有效的治疗方式,治疗时间短,降低副作用,造福许多食道癌患者。
乳腺癌
对于接受过乳房肿瘤切除术或是乳房切除术的女性,放射治疗是一种标准的治疗方式,是保乳治疗不可缺少的一部分。[3][79] 近距离治疗可用于手术后,化疗前,或对晚期癌症进行姑息治疗。[80]近距离放疗治疗乳腺癌常以高剂量率短时性的治疗方式进行。术后,乳腺近距离治疗可作为一种补量治疗方式,在全乳外照射之后进行。[79][81] 近期,在APBI(加速部分乳腺照射)技术中,开始应用单独的近距离治疗,仅将剂量输送到肿瘤原发位置的周围。[17][79][81]
相比于外照射放疗,乳腺近距离治疗的主要优势在于可以准确的高剂量照射肿瘤,同时避开健康的乳腺组织及其下部的结构,如肋骨和肺部。[80] APBI一般可在一周时间内完成整个疗程。[17]近距离治疗相对于外照射来说,治疗时间更短(外照射需要患者1-2月的治疗时间,频繁到医院就医)。近距离治疗这一优势,对于需要工作的女性、年老或居住地距离治疗中心较远的女性至关重要,使其也可以从保乳治疗获益。[9]治疗结束后随访的6年时间,乳腺癌近距离治疗已经被证实具有良好的局部控制率。[17][82][83]一项针对APBI与外照射的治疗后10年期医疗成效对比的研究正在进行中。 [84]
乳腺癌近距离治疗分为两种方式:
- 乳腺癌组织间插植近距离治疗应用多根插植导管
- 乳腺癌腔内近距离治疗应用球囊导管
乳腺癌组织间插植近距离治疗是将多根柔性塑料导管置于乳腺组织,并短时间停留。通过精确的定位,以获得对治疗区域的优化照射,同时避开临近的乳腺组织。[9]导管与后装机连接,将制定的照射剂量传输到治疗区域。乳腺癌组织间插植近距离治疗可用于外照射治疗后的补量,或作为APBI的治疗方式。[81]
乳腺癌腔内近距离治疗(也称作“球囊式近距离治疗”)是将单独的导管放置于肿瘤切除后 (乳房肿瘤切除术)留下的空腔内。[9] 导管可在术中或术后插入。[9] 通过导管,空腔内的球囊被充满气。于是导管与后装机相连, 将照射剂量通过导管传输到球囊中。当前,乳腺癌腔内近距离治疗仅作为APBI的一种常规治疗方式。[85]
除此之外,还有一些乳腺癌近距离治疗装置,将组织间和腔内治疗的特点相结合(如:SAVI)。这些装置具有多根治疗导管,但仅通过单一入口进入乳腺,研究表明应用多根导管有利于医生更精确的照射靶区。[86][87]
皮肤癌
高剂量率近距离治疗对于非黑素瘤的皮肤癌,如基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌,提供了手术治疗以外的另一种治疗方式。尤其适用于鼻、耳、眼睑或唇等,进行手术会导致毁容或需要大面积重建的部位。[5]可借助多种施源器,保证放射源与皮肤的近距离接触,与皮肤的曲面适形,并可有助于优化照射剂量的精确传输。[5]
皮肤癌近距离治疗具有良好的美容效果及临床效能; 随访5年的研究显示近距离治疗对于局部控制十分有效,与外照射治疗效果相似。[88][89][90]治疗时间一般较短,为患者提供便利。[91] 在未来,近距离治疗很有可能成为皮肤癌的标准化治疗方式。[91]
其他应用
近距离放疗可用于冠状动脉支架再狭窄的治疗,放射源通过置于血管内的传输导管进出。[92] 目前,医师正在尝试利用这种疗法治疗外部脉管狭窄 [93]或心房颤动。[94]
副作用
因近距离治疗引起的急性、次急性或长期的副作用,其发生概率与肿瘤的位置及近距离治疗的类型有关。
急性
近距离治疗引发的急性副作用包括局部淤血,肿胀,流血,插植部位流脓或不适。这些症状通常在治疗完成的几天之内就会缓解。[95] 患者可能在治疗后短期内感到身体疲惫。[95][96]
近距离治疗宫颈癌或前列腺癌可导致急性或暂时性尿路症状,如排尿困难、大小便失禁或排尿疼痛(尿痛)。[19][97][98] 也可能发生短暂性肠道运动增加、腹泻、便秘或直肠少量出血。[19][97][98]急性和次急性副作用通常在几天或几周内缓解。对于前列腺癌永久性粒子植入近距离治疗,也有少量病例,可能出现一些粒子从治疗区域转移到膀胱或尿道,通过尿液排出。
在治疗结束的几周内,近距离治疗皮肤癌可能会引起治疗区域周围皮肤表层脱落(脱离),这种情况通常可在5-8周内康复。[5]如果癌症位于唇部,可能会引起溃疡,但通常4-6周后就可缓解。[99]
近距离治疗引发的急性副作用,大多数情况可通过药物或改变饮食进行调整,治疗完成后很快消失(通常是几周)。高剂量率近距离治疗的急性副作用大体上与外照射类似。[96]
长期
对于少部分人群,近距离治疗可能会因临近组织或器官的损伤导致长期的副作用。长期副作用通常是轻微、适度的。例如:宫颈癌或前列腺癌的近距离治疗可能会导致泌尿或消化道的问题,可能需要长期的调理。[19][97][98]
前列腺癌的近距离治疗可能会导致勃起功能障碍,发生的概率约为15-30%。[2][32]但是,发生此副作用的风险与患者的年龄(老年患者比年轻患者的风险更大)及治疗前勃起功能的水平都有关系。对于确实有勃起功能障碍的患者,大部分患者可以通过药物治疗,如伟哥。[2]重要的是,相比根治性前列腺切除术,近距离治疗导致勃起功能障碍的风险要低。[48][97]
乳腺癌或皮肤癌的近距离治疗可能会引起治疗区域附近产生疤痕组织。乳腺癌的近距离治疗病例中,由于脂肪酸进入乳腺组织可能会导致脂肪坏死,从而使得乳房组织肿胀和变软。乳腺脂肪坏死属于良性症状,一般会在治疗后的4-12个月出现,大概会影响2%的患者。[100][101]
周围的安全
患者经常会询问在接受近距离治疗后,对于周围的家人和朋友,他们是否需要特殊的安全防范措施。如果是短期近距离放疗,治疗结束后,没有放射源存留在体内。因此对于周围亲近的朋友或家人是没有放射性危险的。[102]
如果是永久性近距离治疗,低剂量放射源(粒子)在治疗后仍然停留在人体内-辐射水平很低,并且随着时间减小。此外,辐射只会影响放射源(接受治疗的肿瘤)附近几毫米的组织。为了安全起见,部分接受永久性近距离治疗的患者会被告知在治疗后的短期内,不要近距离接触小孩或怀孕妇女。放疗医生或护士会告知患者需要注意的事项,以及需要注意多长时间。[102]
治疗流程
初始计划
为保证准确的计划近距离治疗流程,了解肿瘤的性质,需要进行全面的临床检查。除此之外,还需要借助一些成像设备查看肿瘤的形状和大小,及其相对于临近组织及器官的位置关系。这些成像设备包括:X光机、超声、计算机断层扫描(CT或CAT)及核磁共振成像(MRI)。[103]获得的影像可用于肿瘤及临近组织的三维模拟成像。[103]
借助这些信息,可确定优化的放射源分布,其中包括放射源的载体——施源器(用于将放射源输送到治疗部位)的放置方式和位置。[103]施源器不具有放射性,常见的是插植针或塑料导管。依据治疗癌症的种类和靶区肿瘤的性质,选择合适的施源器类型 。[103]
初始计划可以避免治疗中出现 “冷点”(过低辐射)及“热点”(过高辐射),他们分别会影响治疗失败及副作用。[58]
施源器的插入与成像
在放射源输送到肿瘤部位之前,施源器必须按照初始计划,插入体内并正确定位。
多种成像技术,如X射线、荧光透视和超声,常用于引导施源器的正确定位,及进一步优化治疗计划。[103]也可使用CAT扫描及核磁成像MRI。[103]施源器置入体内后,通过缝合线或胶布将其固定在皮肤上,防止移动。确认施源器处于正确位置后,可进行进一步成像,制定具体的治疗计划。[103]
创建虚拟病人
包含施源器的病人图像导入治疗计划系统后,患者被转移到专用的带屏蔽的治疗机房。治疗计划系统可将多张治疗部位的二维图像转化成三维“虚拟病人”图像,由此可以确定施源器的位置。[103]在“虚拟病人”图像上的施源器、治疗部位及周围健康组织三者的空间位置关系,与真实患者体内的关系是一致的。
优化照射计划
治疗计划系统可以将虚拟放射源放置在虚拟病人的体内,进而确定组织间或腔内施源器内的放射源在时间与空间上的最优分布。软件可以用图形表示出辐射的分布。引导放射治疗医师们进一步优化放射源分布,从而保证在实际剂量传输前,治疗计划与每位患者的解剖结构相适应。[104]这种方法有时被称作“剂量图”。
治疗实施
近距离治疗所用的放射源通常密封在一个非放射性的球囊中。放射源可以手动输送,但更常见的是通过一种技术来输送,被称作“后装”。
由于对临床医生有辐射风险,手动实施近距离治疗仅限于一些低剂量的应用。[31]
与之相反,后装包括将非放射性施源器精确放置于治疗部分,然后再装入放射源。在手动后装治疗中,由操作人员将放射源输送到施源器中。
远程后装治疗系统可以将放射源安放在带屏蔽的保险罐中,为后装操作人员提供辐射防护。施源器在病人体内正确定位后,通过一系列的连接导管与后装机(载有放射源)连接。后装机按照导入的治疗计划, 控制放射源通过连接导管到达施源器内预先设定的位置。这一过程完全是在治疗医师远离机房时完成的。依据治疗计划,放射源驻留相应的时长,之后通过套管返回后装机内。
在放射源治疗结束后,小心地将施源器移出体内。一般情况下,近距离治疗结束后,患者会很快恢复,近距离治疗通常以门诊的形式进行。[30]
放射源
近距离治疗常用的放射源(放射性核素):
放射性核素 | 类型 | 半衰期 | 能量 |
---|---|---|---|
铯-137 (137Cs) | γ-射线 | 30.17 年 | 0.662 MeV |
钴-60 (60Co) | γ-射线 | 5.26 年 | 1.17, 1.33 MeV |
铱-192 (192Ir) | β--particles | 74.0 天 | 0.38 MeV (均值) |
碘-125 (125I) | γ-射线 | 59.6 天 | 27.4, 31.4 和 35.5 keV |
钯-103 (103Pd) | γ-射线 | 17.0 天 | 21 keV (均值) |
钌-106 (106Ru) | β--粒子 | 1.02 年 | 3.54 MeV |
电子近距离治疗
电子近距离治疗使用小型低能量X射线管源,将其放置于身体或肿瘤腔内预先定位好的施源器中,实现快速靶区组织高剂量治疗,同时保持对远端非靶区组织的低剂量。[106]
扩展阅读
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Gerbaulet A; et al. Cervix carcinoma. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Ash D; et al. Prostate cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Van Limbergen E; et al. Breast cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Gaspar, Laurie E.; Nag, Subir; Herskovic, Arnold; Mantravadi, Rao; Speiser, Burton; The Clinical Research Committee,. American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) consensus guidelines for brachytherapy of esophageal cancer☆. International Journal of Radiation OncologyBiologyPhysics. 1997-04-01, 38 (1): 127–132 [2019-03-15]. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00231-9. (原始内容存档于2021-03-07) (英语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Van Limbergen E; et al. Skin cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 Gerbaulet A; et al. General aspects. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Stewart AJ; et al. Radiobiological concepts for brachytherapy. Devlin P (编). Brachytherapy. Applications and Techniques. Philadelphia: LWW. 2007.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 BMJ Group. Prostate cancer: internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy). Guardian.co.uk. June 2009 [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-04).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Kelley JR; et al. Breast brachytherapy. Devlin P (编). Brachytherapy. Applications and Techniques. Philadelphia: LWW. 2007.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Viswanathan AN; et al. Gynecologic brachytherapy. Devlin P (编). Brachytherapy. Applications and Techniques. Philadelphia: LWW. 2007.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Tom Pickles, Mira Keyes, W. James Morris. Brachytherapy or conformal external radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a single-institution matched-pair analysis. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2010-01-01, 76 (1): 43–49 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-355X. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.081. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Christine Haie-Meder, Cyrus Chargari, Annie Rey, Isabelle Dumas, Philippe Morice, Nicolas Magné. DVH parameters and outcome for patients with early-stage cervical cancer treated with preoperative MRI-based low dose rate brachytherapy followed by surgery. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2009-11, 93 (2): 316–321 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-0887. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.05.004. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Jan J. Battermann, Tom A. Boon, Marinus A. Moerland. Results of permanent prostate brachytherapy, 13 years of experience at a single institution. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2004-4, 71 (1): 23–28 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0167-8140. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2004.01.020. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Razvan M. Galalae, Alvaro Martinez, Tim Mate, Christina Mitchell, Gregory Edmundson, Nils Nuernberg, Stephen Eulau, Gary Gustafson, Michael Gribble, Gyoergy Kovács. Long-term outcome by risk factors using conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) boost with or without neoadjuvant androgen suppression for localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2004-03-15, 58 (4): 1048–1055 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.08.003. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Peter J. Hoskin, Kate Motohashi, Peter Bownes, Linda Bryant, Peter Ostler. High dose rate brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy in the radical treatment of prostate cancer: initial results of a randomised phase three trial. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2007-8, 84 (2): 114–120 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0167-8140. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2007.04.011. (原始内容存档于2020-03-26).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Bradley R. Pieters, Djuna Z. de Back, Caro C. E. Koning, Aeilko H. Zwinderman. Comparison of three radiotherapy modalities on biochemical control and overall survival for the treatment of prostate cancer: a systematic review. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2009-11, 93 (2): 168–173 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-0887. PMID 19748692. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.033. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Jonathan C. Nelson, Peter D. Beitsch, Frank A. Vicini, Coral A. Quiet, Delia Garcia, Howard C. Snider, Mark A. Gittleman, Victor J. Zannis, Pat W. Whitworth, Richard E. Fine, Angela J. Keleher, Henry M. Kuerer. Four-year clinical update from the American Society of Breast Surgeons MammoSite brachytherapy trial. American Journal of Surgery. 2009-7, 198 (1): 83–91 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-1883. PMID 19268900. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.09.016. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Montserrat Ferrer, José Francisco Suárez, Ferran Guedea, Pablo Fernández, Víctor Macías, Alfonso Mariño, Asunción Hervas, Ismael Herruzo, María José Ortiz, Humberto Villavicencio, Jordi Craven-Bratle, Olatz Garin, Ferran Aguiló, Multicentric Spanish Group of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Health-related quality of life 2 years after treatment with radical prostatectomy, prostate brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2008-10-01, 72 (2): 421–432 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 18325680. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.12.024. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Steven J. Frank, Louis L. Pisters, John Davis, Andrew K. Lee, Roland Bassett, Deborah A. Kuban. An assessment of quality of life following radical prostatectomy, high dose external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy iodine implantation as monotherapies for localized prostate cancer. The Journal of Urology. 2007-6, 177 (6): 2151–2156; discussion 2156 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 17509305. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.134. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Gupta VK. Brachytherapy – past, present and future. Journal of Medical Physics. 1995, 20: 31–38.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Nag S. A brief history of brachytherapy. [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-22).
- ^ Jesse N. Aronowitz. The "Golden Age" of prostate brachytherapy: a cautionary tale. Brachytherapy. 2008-1, 7 (1): 55–59 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1538-4721. PMID 18299114. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2007.12.004. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Giap H and Tripuraneni P. Vascular brachytherapy. Devlin P (编). Brachytherapy. Applications and Techniques. Philadelphia: LWW. 2007.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Thomadsen BR; et al. Brachytherapy Physics. Medical Physics Publishing. 2005.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Jean-Jacques Mazeron, Jean-Michel Ardiet, Christine Haie-Méder, György Kovács, Peter Levendag, Didier Peiffert, Alfredo Polo, Angels Rovirosa, Vratislav Strnad. GEC-ESTRO recommendations for brachytherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2009-5, 91 (2): 150–156 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-0887. PMID 19329209. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.01.005. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Lartigau E; et al. Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities in adults. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Koukourakis G; et al. Brachytherapy for prostate cancer: A systematic review. Adv Urol. 2009,. 26 ( Pt 1): 63–8. PMID 2735748.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Pötter R; et al. Oesophageal cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Van Limbergen E; et al. Bronchus cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Nag S. High dose rate brachytherapy: its clinical applications and treatment guidelines. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. 2004, 3 (3): 269–87. PMID 15161320.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Flynn A; et al. Isotopes and delivery systems for brachytherapy. Hoskin P, Coyle C (编). Radiotherapy in practice: brachytherapy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Russell N. Moule, Peter J. Hoskin. Non-surgical treatment of localised prostate cancer. Surgical Oncology. 2009-9, 18 (3): 255–267 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-3320. PMID 19442516. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2009.03.006. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Mazeron JJ; et al. Brain cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Pötter R; et al. Uveal melanoma. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Josef Dvorák, Pavel Jandík, Bohuslav Melichar, Bohumil Jon, Jindriska Mergancová, Zdenek Zoul, Zdenek Vacek, Jirí Petera. Intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of bile duct and gallbladder carcinomas. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2002-7, 49 (46): 916–917 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0172-6390. PMID 12143240. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Ash D; et al. Bile duct cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Mazeron JJ; et al. Anorectal cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Van Limbergen E; et al. Urinary bladder cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Gerbaulet A; et al. Urethral cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Gerbaulet A; et al. Penis cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Pötter R; et al. Endometrial cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Gerbaulet A; et al. Primary vaginal cancer. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Kurian Jones Joseph, Riaz Alvi, David Skarsgard, Jon Tonita, Nadeem Pervez, Cormac Small, Patricia Tai. Analysis of health related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, one year after treatment with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) alone versus EBRT and high dose rate brachytherapy (HDRBT). Radiation Oncology (London, England). 2008-07-15, 3: 20 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1748-717X. PMC 2494997 . PMID 18627617. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-3-20. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ E. S. Holmboe, J. Concato. Treatment decisions for localized prostate cancer: asking men what's important. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2000-10, 15 (10): 694–701 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 1495597 . PMID 11089712. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.90842.x. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Hoskin P, Coyle C (编). Radiotherapy in practice: brachytherapy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0198529406.
- ^ Ferran Guedea, Montse Ventura, Jean-Jacques Mazeron, José López Torrecilla, Pedro Bilbao, Josep Maria Borràs. Patterns of care for brachytherapy in Europe: facilities and resources in brachytherapy in the European area. Brachytherapy. 2008-7, 7 (3): 223–230 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1538-4721. PMID 18579448. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2008.03.001. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Quang TS; et al. Technological evolution in the treatment of prostate cancer. Oncology. 2007, 21 [2011-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-11).
- ^ 48.0 48.1 F. Guedea, M. Ferrer, J. Pera, F. Aguiló, A. Boladeras, J. F. Suárez, O. Cunillera, F. Ferrer, Y. Pardo, E. Martínez, M. Ventura. Quality of life two years after radical prostatectomy, prostate brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy for clinically localised prostate cancer: the Catalan Institute of Oncology/Bellvitge Hospital experience. Clinical & Translational Oncology: Official Publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. 2009-7, 11 (7): 470–478 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1699-3055. PMID 19574206. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Mark S. Litwin, John L. Gore, Lorna Kwan, Judson M. Brandeis, Steve P. Lee, H. Rodney Withers, Robert E. Reiter. Quality of life after surgery, external beam irradiation, or brachytherapy for early-stage prostate cancer. Cancer. 2007-06-01, 109 (11): 2239–2247 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 17455209. doi:10.1002/cncr.22676. (原始内容存档于2020-04-13).
- ^ 50.0 50.1 Francesca Pistis, Ferran Guedea, Joan Pera, Cristina Gutierrez, Montse Ventura, Alfredo Polo, Evelyn Martinez, Ana Boladeras, Ferran Ferrer, Pietro Gabriele, Luis Linares. External beam radiotherapy plus high-dose-rate brachytherapy for treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer: the initial experience of the Catalan Institute of Oncology. Brachytherapy. 2010-1, 9 (1): 15–22 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1873-1449. PMID 19734106. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2009.05.001. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 51.0 51.1 Prasert Lertsanguansinchai, Chawalit Lertbutsayanukul, Kanjana Shotelersuk, Chonlakiet Khorprasert, Prayuth Rojpornpradit, Taywin Chottetanaprasith, Apiradee Srisuthep, Sivalee Suriyapee, Chotika Jumpangern, Damrong Tresukosol, Chulee Charoonsantikul. Phase III randomized trial comparing LDR and HDR brachytherapy in treatment of cervical carcinoma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2004-08-01, 59 (5): 1424–1431 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 15275728. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.01.034. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Roddiger SJ; et al. Neoadjuvant interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2006, 182 (1): 22–9. PMID 16404517. doi:10.1007/s00066-006-1454-7.
- ^ David K. Gaffney, Andreas Du Bois, Kailash Narayan, Nick Reed, Takafumi Toita, Sandro Pignata, Peter Blake, Lorraine Portelance, Azmat Sadoyze, Richard Pötter, Alessandro Colombo, Marcus Randall, Mansoor R. Mirza, Edward L. Trimble. Practice patterns of radiotherapy in cervical cancer among member groups of the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup (GCIG). International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2007-06-01, 68 (2): 485–490 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 17336465. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.013. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 54.0 54.1 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. High dose rate brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. NICE. March 2006 [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-10).
- ^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Viswanathan AN; et al. American Brachytherapy Society cervical cancer brachytherapy task group (PDF). American Brachytherapy Society. [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-10).
- ^ Akila N. Viswanathan, Beth A. Erickson. Three-dimensional imaging in gynecologic brachytherapy: a survey of the American Brachytherapy Society. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2010-01-01, 76 (1): 104–109 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-355X. PMID 19619956. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.043. (原始内容存档于2020-04-13).
- ^ Daniel H. Kim, Alice Wang-Chesebro, Vivian Weinberg, Jean Pouliot, Lee-May Chen, Joycelyn Speight, Ramey Littell, I.-Chow Hsu. High-dose rate brachytherapy using inverse planning simulated annealing for locoregionally advanced cervical cancer: a clinical report with 2-year follow-up. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2009-12-01, 75 (5): 1329–1334 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-355X. PMID 19409728. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.002. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 58.0 58.1 Richard Potter, Christian Kirisits, Elena F. Fidarova, Johannes C. A. Dimopoulos, Daniel Berger, Kari Tanderup, Jacob C. Lindegaard. Present status and future of high-precision image guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervix carcinoma. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2008, 47 (7): 1325–1336 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1651-226X. PMID 18661430. doi:10.1080/02841860802282794. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Richard Pötter, Christine Haie-Meder, Erik Van Limbergen, Isabelle Barillot, Marisol De Brabandere, Johannes Dimopoulos, Isabelle Dumas, Beth Erickson, Stefan Lang, An Nulens, Peter Petrow, Jason Rownd, Christian Kirisits, GEC ESTRO Working Group. Recommendations from gynaecological (GYN) GEC ESTRO working group (II): concepts and terms in 3D image-based treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy-3D dose volume parameters and aspects of 3D image-based anatomy, radiation physics, radiobiology. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2006-1, 78 (1): 67–77 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0167-8140. PMID 16403584. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2005.11.014. (原始内容存档于2020-05-13).
- ^ Masato Hareyama, Koh-ichi Sakata, Atushi Oouchi, Hisayasu Nagakura, Mitsuo Shido, Masanori Someya, Kazumitsu Koito. High-dose-rate versus low-dose-rate intracavitary therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a randomized trial. Cancer. 2002-01-01, 94 (1): 117–124 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 11815967. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 61.0 61.1 Merrick GS; et al. American Brachytherapy Society prostate low-dose rate task group (PDF). American Brachytherapy Society. [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-03-10).
- ^ 62.0 62.1 Hsu I-C; et al. American Brachytherapy Society prostate high-dose rate task group (PDF). American Brachytherapy Society. [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-03-10).
- ^ 63.0 63.1 Ash D; et al. Prostate Cancer. Hoskin P, Coyle C (编). Radiotherpay in practice: brachytherapy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
- ^ W. James Morris, Mira Keyes, David Palma, Michael McKenzie, Ingrid Spadinger, Alex Agranovich, Tom Pickles, Mitchell Liu, Winkle Kwan, Jonn Wu, Vince Lapointe, Eric Berthelet, Howard Pai, Robert Harrison, William Kwa, Joe Bucci, Violet Racz, Ryan Woods. Evaluation of dosimetric parameters and disease response after 125 iodine transperineal brachytherapy for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2009-04-01, 73 (5): 1432–1438 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-355X. PMID 19036530. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.07.042. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Thomas M. Pisansky, Douglas G. Gold, Keith M. Furutani, O. Kenneth Macdonald, Robert H. McLaren, Lance A. Mynderse, Torrence M. Wilson, James R. Hebl, Richard Choo. High-dose-rate brachytherapy in the curative treatment of patients with localized prostate cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008-12, 83 (12): 1364–1372 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1942-5546. PMID 19046556. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60785-4. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Zhang, Yuwei. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013, 19 (34): 5598 [2019-03-15]. ISSN 1007-9327. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. (原始内容存档于2021-05-07) (英语).
- ^ Hishikawa, Y.; Kurisu, K.; Taniguchi, M.; Kamikonya, N.; Miura, T. High-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for esophageal cancer: 10 years experience in Hyogo College of Medicine. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 1991-06, 21 (2): 107–114. ISSN 0167-8140. doi:10.1016/0167-8140(91)90082-r.
- ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Folkert, Michael R.; Cohen, Gil'ad N.; Wu, Abraham J.; Gerdes, Hans; Schattner, Mark A.; Markowitz, Arnold J.; Ludwig, Emmy; Ilson, David H.; Bains, Manjit S. Endoluminal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for early stage and recurrent esophageal cancer in medically inoperable patients. Brachytherapy. 2013-09, 12 (5): 463–470. ISSN 1538-4721. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2012.12.001.
- ^ 69.0 69.1 Horiot, Jean Claude; Bedenne, Laurent; Michiels, Christophe; Barillot, Isabelle; Truc, Gilles; d’Hombres, Anne; Maingon, Philippe. High dose rate brachytherapy for superficial cancer of the esophagus. International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics. 2000-01-01, 46 (1): 71–76 [2019-03-15]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 10656375. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00377-6. (原始内容存档于2021-03-07) (英语).
- ^ 70.0 70.1 Miura, Takashi; Kamikonya, Norihiko; Taniguchi, Midori; Kurisu, Kouichi; Hishikawa, Yoshio. High-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy (HDRIBT) for esophageal cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics. 1991-10-01, 21 (5): 1133–1135 [2019-03-15]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 1938510. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(91)90267-8. (原始内容存档于2021-03-07) (英语).
- ^ 71.0 71.1 Fuccio, Lorenzo; Mandolesi, Daniele; Farioli, Andrea; Hassan, Cesare; Frazzoni, Leonardo; Guido, Alessandra; de Bortoli, Nicola; Cilla, Savino; Pierantoni, Chiara. Brachytherapy for the palliation of dysphagia owing to esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2017-03, 122 (3): 332–339. ISSN 0167-8140. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.034.
- ^ 72.0 72.1 Homs, Marjolein YV; Steyerberg, Ewout W; Eijkenboom, Wilhelmina MH; Tilanus, Hugo W; Stalpers, Lukas JA; Bartelsman, Joep FWM; van Lanschot, Jan JB; Wijrdeman, Harm K; Mulder, Chris JJ. Single-dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial. The Lancet. 2004-10, 364 (9444): 1497–1504. ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17272-3.
- ^ Sharma, Vinay; Mahantshetty, Umesh; Dinshaw, Ketayun A; Deshpande, Raman; Sharma, Sanjay. Palliation of advanced/recurrent esophageal carcinoma with high-dose-rate brachytherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2002-02, 52 (2): 310–315. ISSN 0360-3016. doi:10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01822-3.
- ^ 74.0 74.1 Nishimura, Yasumasa; Okuno, Yoshishige; Ono, Koji; Mitsumori, Michihide; Nagata, Yasushi; Hiraoka, Masahiro. <220::aid-cncr5>3.0.co;2-o External beam radiation therapy with or without high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1999-07-15, 86 (2): 220–228. ISSN 0008-543X. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990715)86:2<220::aid-cncr5>3.0.co;2-o.
- ^ 75.0 75.1 Nonoshita, Takeshi; Sasaki, Tomonari; Hirata, Hideki; Toh, Yasushi; Shioyama, Yoshiyuki; Nakamura, Katsumasa; Honda, Hiroshi. High-dose-rate brachytherapy for previously irradiated patients with recurrent esophageal cancer. Radiation Medicine. 2007-10-26, 25 (8): 373–377. ISSN 0288-2043. doi:10.1007/s11604-007-0152-4 (英语).
- ^ 76.0 76.1 Akagi, Yukio; Hirokawa, Yutaka; Kagemoto, Masayuki; Matsuura, Kanji; Ito, Atsushi; Fujita, Kazushi; Kenjo, Masahiro; Kiriu, Hiroshi; Ito, Katsuhide. Optimum fractionation for high-dose-rate endoesophageal brachytherapy following external irradiation of early stage esophageal cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 1999-02, 43 (3): 525–530. ISSN 0360-3016. doi:10.1016/s0360-3016(98)00433-7.
- ^ Sai, Heitetsu; Mitsumori, Michihide; Araki, Norio; Mizowaki, Takashi; Nagata, Yasushi; Nishimura, Yasumasa; Hiraoka, Masahiro. Long-term results of definitive radiotherapy for stage I esophageal cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2005-08, 62 (5): 1339–1344. ISSN 0360-3016. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.12.042.
- ^ Yorozu, Atsunori; Dokiya, Takushi; Oki, Yosuke; Suzuki, Takayuki. Curative radiotherapy with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localized esophageal carcinoma: dose-effect relationship of brachytherapy with the balloon type applicator system. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 1999-05, 51 (2): 133–139. ISSN 0167-8140. doi:10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00040-7.
- ^ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Keisch; et al. American Brachytherapy Society breast brachytherapy task group (PDF). American Brachytherapy Society. February 2007 [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-03-10).
- ^ 80.0 80.1 Hoskin P; et al. Breast Brachytherapy. Hoskin P, Coyle C (编). Radiotherapy in practice: brachytherapy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0198529406.
- ^ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Csaba Polgár, Tibor Major. Current status and perspectives of brachytherapy for breast cancer. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009-2, 14 (1): 7–24 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1341-9625. PMID 19225919. doi:10.1007/s10147-008-0867-y. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ T. A. King, J. S. Bolton, R. R. Kuske, G. M. Fuhrman, T. G. Scroggins, X. Z. Jiang. Long-term results of wide-field brachytherapy as the sole method of radiation therapy after segmental mastectomy for T(is,1,2) breast cancer. American Journal of Surgery. 2000-10, 180 (4): 299–304 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 11113440. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Alfonso Gómez-Iturriaga, Luis Pina, Mauricio Cambeiro, Fernando Martínez-Regueira, José Manuel Aramendía, Oscar Fernández-Hidalgo, Rafael Martínez-Monge. Early breast cancer treated with conservative surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and delayed accelerated partial breast irradiation with high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2008-10, 7 (4): 310–315 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1538-4721. PMID 18778971. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2008.04.006. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Clinicaltrials.gov. APBI Versus EBRT Therapy After Breast Conserving Surgery for Low-risk Breast Cancer. February 2010 [17 April 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-21).
- ^ A. P. Shah, J. B. Strauss, M. C. Kirk, S. S. Chen, A. Dickler. A dosimetric analysis comparing electron beam with the MammoSite brachytherapy applicator for intact breast boost. Physica medica: PM: an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology: official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB). 2010-4, 26 (2): 80–87 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1724-191X. PMID 19836283. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2009.08.004. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Scanderbeg, D; Yashar, C; White, G; Rice, R; Pawlicki, T (2010). “Evaluation of Three APBI Techniques under NSABP B-39 Guidelines.” Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 11 (1): 274-280.
- ^ Yashar, C; Blair, S; Wallace, A; Scanderbeg, D (2009). “Initial Clinical Experience with the Strut-Adjusted Volume Implant Brachytherapy Applicator for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation.” Brachytherapy 8: 367-372.
- ^ B. Guix, F. Finestres, J. Tello, C. Palma, A. Martinez, J. Guix, R. Guix. Treatment of skin carcinomas of the face by high-dose-rate brachytherapy and custom-made surface molds. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000-04-01, 47 (1): 95–102 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 10758310. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ A. F. Sedda, G. Rossi, C. Cipriani, A. M. Carrozzo, P. Donati. Dermatological high-dose-rate brachytherapy for the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2008-11, 33 (6): 745–749 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1365-2230. PMID 18681873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02852.x. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Emmanuel Rio, Etienne Bardet, Christophe Ferron, Patrick Peuvrel, Stéphane Supiot, Loic Campion, Claude Beauvillain De Montreuil, Marc André Mahe, Brigitte Dreno. Interstitial brachytherapy of periorificial skin carcinomas of the face: a retrospective study of 97 cases. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2005-11-01, 63 (3): 753–757 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0360-3016. PMID 15927410. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.03.027. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 91.0 91.1 Musmacher J; et al. High dose rate brachytherapy with surface applicators: Treatment for nonmelanomatous skin cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006, 24: 15543.
- ^ Sigmund Silber, Per Albertsson, Francisco F. Avilés, Paolo G. Camici, Antonio Colombo, Christian Hamm, Erik Jørgensen, Jean Marco, Jan-Erik Nordrehaug, Witold Ruzyllo, Philip Urban, Gregg W. Stone, William Wijns, Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal. 2005-4, 26 (8): 804–847 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 15769784. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi138. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Anton N. Sidawy, Jonathan M. Weiswasser, Ron Waksman. Peripheral vascular brachytherapy. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2002-5, 35 (5): 1041–1047 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0741-5214. PMID 12021726. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Nicasio Pérez-Castellano, Julián Villacastín, Paloma Aragoncillo, Panayotis Fantidis, Manel Sabaté, Maria J. García-Torrent, Carlos Prieto, José M. Corral, Javier Moreno, Antonio Fernández-Ortiz, Eliseo Vano, Carlos Macaya. Pathological effects of pulmonary vein beta-radiation in a swine model. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2006-6, 17 (6): 662–669 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1045-3873. PMID 16836719. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00462.x. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 95.0 95.1 Macmillan Cancer Support. Brachytherapy. [25 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-10-03).
- ^ 96.0 96.1 V. K. Fieler. Side effects and quality of life in patients receiving high-dose rate brachytherapy. Oncology Nursing Forum. 1997-4, 24 (3): 545–553 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0190-535X. PMID 9127366. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 Jenny Doust, Emma Miller, Gillian Duchesne, Michael Kitchener, David Weller. A systematic review of brachytherapy. Is it an effective and safe treatment for localised prostate cancer?. Australian Family Physician. 2004-7, 33 (7): 525–529 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0300-8495. PMID 15301172. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Nicolas Magné, Nathalie Casanova Mancy, Enrique Chajon, Pierre Duvillard, Patricia Pautier, Damienne Castaigne, Catherine Lhommé, Philippe Morice, Christine Haie-Meder. Patterns of care and outcome in elderly cervical cancer patients: a special focus on brachytherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology: Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2009-5, 91 (2): 197–201 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1879-0887. PMID 18954913. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.011. (原始内容存档于2020-04-13).
- ^ Casino AR; et al. Brachytherapy in lip cancer. Medicina Oral. 2006, 11: E223–9.
- ^ Frank Vicini, Peter D. Beitsch, Coral A. Quiet, Angela J. Keleher, Delia Garcia, Howard C. Snider, Mark A. Gittleman, Victor J. Zannis, Henry M. Kuerer, Maureen Lyden. Three-year analysis of treatment efficacy, cosmesis, and toxicity by the American Society of Breast Surgeons MammoSite Breast Brachytherapy Registry Trial in patients treated with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). Cancer. 2008-02-15, 112 (4): 758–766 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 18181095. doi:10.1002/cncr.23227. (原始内容存档于2020-04-28).
- ^ Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. Breast brachytherapy. [25 September 2009].[失效链接]
- ^ 102.0 102.1 Treatment Types: Brachytherapy. RT Answers. American Society for Radiation Oncology. [April 18, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-04-13).
- ^ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 Pötter R. Modern Imaging in Brachytherapy. Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (编). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Belgium: ACCO. 2005.
- ^ Trnková P.; Pötter R., Baltas D., Karabis A., Fidarova E., Dimopoulos J., Georg D., and Kirisits C. New inverse planning technology for image-guided cervical cancer brachytherapy: Description and evaluation within a clinical frame (PDF). Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2009, 93 (2): 331–340 [2011-05-10]. PMID 19846230. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.10.004. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-10-17).
- ^ 存档副本. [2011-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03).
- ^ American Association of Physicists in Medicine. The 2007 AAPM response to the CRCPD request for recommendations for the CRCPD's model regulations for electronic brachytherapy (PDF). American Association of Physicists in Medicine. February 2009 [17 April 2010]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-07).
外部链接
- 欧洲肿瘤放射治疗协会(ESTRO)
- 美国肿瘤放射治协会(ASTRO) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 美国近距离治疗协会(ABS) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 关于近距离治疗 - 为患者及医务人员提供相关资讯 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 近距离治疗 – 国际性学科杂志 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 当代近距离治疗期刊 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 癌症预防 – 近距离治疗 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 乳腺癌近距离治疗
- 乳腺癌近距离治疗
- 前列腺癌近距离治疗顾问组 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 了解近距离治疗: 资讯,问答,专用词汇, (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)