可持续性
可持续性(英语:sustainability),也称永续性,是人们在满足人类需求与未来发展时,在资源开发、投资方向、技术发展和制度变革中保持环境平衡与和谐的过程[1]。永续性可以是一种想法、一种生活系统的性质、一种生产方法或一种生活方式。可持续发展的定义最常见的引述来自布伦特兰委员会,该委员会是由联合国在1983年正式召开的世界环境与发展委员会(WCED)。当该委员会成立时,联合国大会确认,环境问题是全球性的和坚定的,建立可持续发展政策是所有国家的共同利益。从这事实看出,在涵盖所有人类活动的定义,可持续性在界定上部分地方是有困难的[2][3]。有些人认为永续性能够以环境、经济与社会三个领域来定义[4],并可考量到文化、技术与政治等子领域[5][6]。根据联合国在1987年发表的《我们共同的未来》 中,永续发展被定义为“在不损害后代子孙满足其自身需求的情况下,满足当代需求的发展模式” [7] [8]。永续发展可能是永续性的组织原则,但某些人可能将这两个术语是(视)为矛盾的(即,发展本质上是不可持续的) [9] [10] [11]。
永续性一词的现代用法十分广泛,很难精确定义 [12]。最初,永续性意味着仅利用自然可再生资源 [13]。永续性从广义上来讲,是能够保持一定的过程或状态,但这一词普遍用于研究生态和社会的关系。在生态方面,可持续发展可以被界定为具能力的生态系统,能自我维持一切生态的过程、功能、生物多样性和未来的活力[14]。可持续发展已成为一个复杂术语,可以适用于几乎每一个方面,地球上的生命,特别是许多不同层次的生态环保,包括湿地、草原和森林,并成为了人权组织的概念,如生态城市,可持续城市,和人类活动,如永续农业、可持续建筑[15]和可再生能源。不过,永续发展的字义在某些组织原则中很可能与永续性是相互冲突的[16][17],因为其组织的永续发展可能试图透过非永续性的方式进行。
天然资源的使用必须控制在一个能够还原的速度,人类生活才能具有永续性。然而,现在有明确的科学证据表明,人类的生活无法维持,人类需要以集体地减少自然资源的利用,将其消耗速度减少至一个可持续的限度内。[18][19]
可持续建筑的理念因此应运而生,它被视为实现城市节能减排、环境保护和可持续发展的重点领域。
语源与历史
可持续性的英文“sustainability”源自拉丁文sustinere ( tenere ,持有; sub ,在下面)。Sustain可以表示“维持”,“支持”,“坚持”或“忍受” [20] [21]。永续性的概念,或德语中的“Nachhaltigkeit”,可以追溯到Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714)对于林业营运的描述 [22]。
在人类早期的历史中,使用火和对特定食物的渴望可能改变了植物和动物群落的自然组成[23]。 在8,000到10,000年前,出现了许多农业社区,这些社区很大程度上与周遭环境建立“永久均衡的结构”[24]。18至19世纪的西方工业革命充分展现了化石燃料能源的巨大增长潜力。煤炭曾被用来取代人力与兽力,为效率更高的引擎提供动力,后来又用于发电。在20世纪后期,环境问题已成为全球性的问题。 [25] [26] [27] [28] 1973年和1979年的能源危机凸显了国际社会对化石燃料的重度依赖。在21世纪,全球越来越多的人意识到由砍伐森林和燃烧化石燃料所造成的温室效应 [29] [30]。
组成要件
2005年社会发展问题世界首脑会议确定了永续发展目标 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),例如经济发展,社会发展和环境保护[33]。 该观点已用三个重叠的椭圆表示,表明永续性的三个支柱不是相互排斥的,而是可以相辅相成的[34]。 实际上,这三个支柱是相互依存的,从长远来看,没有其他支柱就不可能存在[35]。 近年来,这三个支柱已成为众多永续性标准和认证体系的共同基础 [36] 。明确提到三个支柱的标准包括雨林联盟,公平贸易和UTZ认证 [37] [38]。
永续发展包括在不损及自然环境使其劣化的前提下,满足本地和全球范围内人类的基本需求[39] [40]。然后,问题就变成了如何表达那些需求与环境之间的关系。2005年的一项研究指出,环境正义与可持续发展同等重要[41]。 生态经济学家赫尔曼·戴利( Herman Daly)质问到:“没有森林的锯木厂有什么用?” [42]从这个角度来看,经济是人类社会的子系统,而社会又是生物圈的子系统。 这种观点则表示为“环境”内部“社会”内部“经济”的嵌套圈图。
健康的生态系统和环境对于人类和其他生物的生存是必要的,因此永续性与环境科学、生态学、生物多样性、环保化学工程、环境资源管理、环境保护和人口控制、绿色计算、绿色化学、地球科学、环境科学和保护生物学等息息相关。另外生态经济学研究旨在解决人类经济和自然生态系统的学术研究领域[43]。
永续发展在社会层面有许多重要的子议题,涉及国际和国家法律、城市规划和运输、供应链管理、当地和个人生活方式以及道德消费主义。更加可持续的生活方式可以采取多种形式,例如重组生活条件(例如生态村、生态社区和可持续城市);重新评估经济部门(永续农业,绿色建筑,可持续农业);利用科学发展新技术(绿色技术,可再生能源以及可持续的裂变与聚变能)或以灵活和可逆的方式设计系统 [44] [45],并调整个人生活方式以保护自然资源[46]。
参见
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