族教群体
族教群体(Ethnoreligious group),又称民族宗教群体,指有共同宗教信仰背景、依照共同宗教而联系起来的族群。从相同的宗教信仰出发,族教群体亦有共同的文化传统,相信自身有共同祖先[1][2]。
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yazidi_Girl_tradicional_clothes.jpg/220px-Yazidi_Girl_tradicional_clothes.jpg)
Swierenga 1990给出了“族教群体”(ethnoreligious group)的三大特征:社会特征、历史经历、神学信仰[3]。族教群体在传统上也往往实行严格的内婚制[4]。
定义
总体来说,族教群体的身份认同既来自于祖先血缘,也来自于宗教联系,内部共同的历史和文化传统亦可划入宗教范畴。在很多情况下,族教群体可视同有共同民族宗教的族群文化群体(ethno-cultural group)[5][6]。
一些族教群体在某些地区属于少数群体,其认同感在维持其少数群体地位的过程中有所加强。如果其宗教信仰和某些特定地区有所关联,那么族教群体亦可以和族裔民族主义联系起来[7]。
举例
民族宗教群体 | 宗教民族 | 混合群体 |
---|---|---|
犹太人
在成为巴比伦囚虏之前,以色列人已经是民族宗教群体,可能在何西亚的时代以前就已经发展成熟[35]。
19世纪以来,犹太教改革派的某些神学信条和传统犹太教相比有了变化;不过近年来改革派又重新恢复了一些传统习俗。20世纪末以来,改革派在美国犹太人群体中成为主流。美国犹太人的跨族婚姻现象越来越多,试图令配偶皈依的现象随之增多,这是传统犹太教极不提倡的行为[36]。如果一名实行跨族婚姻的犹太人的妻子没有皈依,改革派会认同父系祖先血脉(传统犹太教认同母系血脉)。而且,改革派认定跨族婚生的犹太人子女的方式是借由行为的,即“通过合适且及时的、公开正式的认同犹太信仰和犹太身份的行为[37]”。这令部分犹太人已经不符合“民族宗教群体”之定义。
自20世纪60年代以来,随着锡安主义的胜利,以色列的国族认同和犹太人认同联系起来[38][39]。近年来,有反锡安主义者提出许多理论,试图证明当代犹太人是皈依者的后裔,主张锡安主义仅是一种现代的非理性种族主义[40],从而否认现代以色列人的族教群体身份。
法律概念
澳大利亚
澳大利亚法律中,新南威尔士州的1977年反歧视法案提及的“种族”(race)概念中,包含“族群、族群宗教或国族起源”的定义[41],其中“民族宗教”(ethno-religious)是1994年修正案中增补的[42]。时任新南威尔士州司法部长约翰·汉纳福德(John Hannaford)解释称:“这是为了将犹太人、穆斯林和锡克教徒纳入反诽谤和歧视条款的保护范畴中……这次延伸不涉及宗教范畴的歧视[26][27]。”
塔斯马尼亚州的1998年反歧视法案的种族定义和新南威尔士州相同,亦包含族教群体[43]。这一法案同时也针对宗教领域的歧视[44]。
英国
在英国有一桩标志性的法律案例“曼德拉诉道尔-李案”,为有着宗教联系的族群给出了法律定义[45]。犹太人[28][29][30]和锡克人[46][47][48]都在1994年反歧视法案修正案中以族教群体的身份被纳入保护范畴[47]。
1994年反歧视法案修正案参考曼德拉诉道尔-李案,将族群(ethnic group)定义为:
- 有着悠久的共同历史的群体,足以将这一群体和其他群体区分开来,令群体延续至今;
- 有着自身文化传统的群体,包括家庭和社会习俗,经常但不一定和宗教有关;除了以上两点重要特征外,以下特征互相关联:
- 有相同的地理来源,或有着共同祖先的;
- 有着共同语言的,并不一定是该群体特有;
- 有着特有的文学文献的;
- 和周围其他群体不同的共同的宗教信仰;
- 在较大群体中充当少数群体,或是被压迫或主导性群体的,例如被征服的群体以及征服他们的群体是不同的民族。
参见
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Historically, each ethnoreligious group had its own social character, historical experience and theological beliefs. (Robert P. Swierenga 1990, p. 149)
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书目
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