圣甲虫
圣甲虫(英语:scarab)或称死亡甲虫,是古埃及的一种象征符号,也指雕刻成圣甲虫样的物品。其最常用作护身符,也会在政府印章上作为皇室的象征而出现。到了新王国早期,圣甲虫也会被放到木乃伊的棺椁中,起到守护遗体的效果。
圣甲虫因其滚球习性,与古埃及的太阳神凯布利联系密切,因此有一定的宗教意义。在第一中间期被人们拿来当作饰品之后,圣甲虫的主题就开始在全埃及流行起来了,后来更成为全埃及的文化标志,直到古埃及消亡才渐渐销声匿迹。圣甲虫现存数量众多,其上多有铭文,因此成为历史学家和考古学家研究古埃及历史的重要工具。
从青铜时代中期开始,地中海盆地和中东的古代居民开始使用埃及流传而来的圣甲虫,黎凡特等一些外国地区也引入了圣甲虫制造工艺。
描述
“ḫpr” 圣书体写法: | ||
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圣甲虫有很多种不同的形态,其制造的目的一般是用于活人佩戴。其形状一般是金龟子(常被认为是神圣粪金龟)。圣甲虫有较明显的头部、翅鞘和腿,不过腹部通常是扁平的,其上可能会刻有象形文字以作为印章。其大小不定,从数毫米到十数厘米的都有。
圣甲虫由石头或者陶器制成,常选择蓝绿的材质,或者也会涂上蓝色或绿色的釉。最常见的圣甲虫制造原料为皂石,也有紫水晶、玛瑙制成的圣甲虫。
宗教重要性
在古埃及,太阳神拉每天在半球形的天空巡回,转换生死。而金龟子将食物卷成球状并抱在怀中,从而使埃及人将它们联系了起来。因此金龟子被当成了天球及重生的象征,而与拉同为太阳神的凯布利的象征就是圣甲虫,实际上凯布利的头部即是甲虫头。[1]
历史
第一中间期末期(约前2055年)圣甲虫开始流行[2],它们取代了之前使用的各类印章。[3]通常其上会刻有当代法老或其他皇室成员的名称。中王国时期分成官用和私用圣甲虫,因此其上所刻名称便不局限于皇室。[4]
阿蒙霍特普三世制造了一大批纪念用圣甲虫,其上篆刻著他的功绩。现存有200多个阿蒙霍特普三世圣甲虫样本,其体型从三四厘米到十几厘米不等。其他第十八王朝的法老,例如塔特摩斯三世也有制造类似的圣甲虫。[5][6]
心形圣甲虫是一种主要用于墓葬中的圣甲虫,它在新王国时期和第三中间期开始流行。体型较大,4—10厘米(1.6—3.9英寸)不等。死亡之书要求心形圣甲虫使用“nemehef”石制作,但其实也有别的石头做成的圣甲虫。[7]除去心形之外,也有其他种类的墓葬用圣甲虫。[8]
参考文献
- ^ Liz Burlingame. Sunken Treasures: The World's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries. The Weather Channel. Aug 23, 2013 [2014-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-26).
- ^ Daphna Ben-Tor: Scarabs, A Reflection of Ancient Egypt, Jerusalem 1989 ISBN 965-278-083-9, p. 8
- ^ Ward, William. Beetles in Stone: The Egyptian Scarab. Manufacture. The Biblical Archaeologist. [2013-09-28].
- ^ Daphna Ben-Tor: Scarabs, A Reflection of Ancient Egypt, Jerusalem 1989 ISBN 965-278-083-9, p. 26
- ^ Evans, Elaine. The Sacred Scarab. McClung Museum. [2013-09-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-11).
- ^ Ward, John. The Sacred Beetle: A Popular Treatise on Egyptian Scarabs in Art and History. London: John Murray Co. 1902.
- ^ Andrews, p.56ff
- ^ Andrews, p.59
- Andrews, Carol, 1994. Amulets of Ancient Egypt, chapter 4: Scarabs for the living and funerary scarabs, pp 50-59, Andrews, Carol, c 1993, University of Texas Press; (softcover, ISBN 0-292-70464-X)
- "Ancient Egyptian Scarab Amulet with Wings - AustralianMuseum." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Ancient Egyptian Scarab Amulet with Wings - Australian Museum.Australian Museum, 22 Sept. 2009. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.
- Budge, 1977, (1926). The Dwellers on the Nile, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1977, (originally, c 1926, by Religious Tract Society, titled as: The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapter of the Life, History, Religion and Literature of the Ancient-Egyptians); pp 265–68: "account of the hunting of wild cattle by Amenhetep III", "taken from a great scarab"; (there are 16 registers-(lines) of hieroglyphs); (softcover, ISBN 0-486-23501-7)
- "Heilbrunn Timeline ofArt History." Stamp Scarab Seal with Winged Figures [Levant or Syria (41.160.162).] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 4 Sept. 2013. Web.18 Sept. 2013.
- Patch, Diana Craig."Exhibitions: Magic in Miniature: Ancient Egyptian Scarabs, Seals &Amulets." BrooklynMuseum: Magic in Miniature: Ancient Egyptian Scarabs, Seals & Amulets. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brooklyn Museum Archive, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.<>.
- Ward, John, 1902. The Sacred Beetle: A Popular Treatise on Egyptian Scarabs in Art and History. London: John Murray Co. 1902.
- Globerover. "Egyptian Scarabs." Globerove. WordPress, 29 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.
- Evans, Elaine A. "Sacred Scarab." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) McClung Museum. N.p., 17 Apr. 1997. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
- Ben-Tor, Daphna. "Egyptian-Levantine Relations And Chronology In The Middle Bronze Age: Scarab Research." The Synchronisation Of Civilisations In The Eastern Mediterranean In The Second Millennium B.C. II. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 239.Academia.edu. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
- Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina. "The Ancient Seals." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Ancient Egyptian Seals and Scarabs. Torino, Italy: n.p., 2009. N. pag. Academia.edu. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
- Kerrigan, Michael. "Tiy's Wedding Scarab." The Ancients in Their Own Words. N.p.: Fall River, 2009. 54-55. Print.
外部链接
- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains a significant amount of material on scarabs (see index)
- Scarab beetles and the people of Ancient Egypt (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Great video on scarab beetles.
- Heart Scarab Amulet Picture of a Heart Scarab Amulet from the British Museum