金斑蝶

蛱蝶科斑蝶属昆虫

金斑蝶(学名:Danaus chrysippus,英文俗名:Plain Tiger, Common Tiger, Lesser Wanderer, African Queen,别名:桦斑蝶、桦色斑蝶、阿檀蝶、蜜黄蝶、金青斑蝶、小红蝶)是属于蛱蝶科的一种蝴蝶,是斑蝶属的一种。广泛分布于埃塞俄比亚界东洋界澳新界。模式产地为中国广东[2]

金斑蝶
合翅形态
展翅形态
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
总科: 凤蝶总科 Papilionoidea
科: 蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae
亚科: 斑蝶亚科 Danainae
属: 斑蝶属 Danaus
种:
金斑蝶 D. chrysippus
二名法
Danaus chrysippus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
亚种

共有6个亚种,详阅正文

异名
异名列表
  • Papilio chrysippus
    Linnaeus, 1758
  • Papilio asclepiadis
    Gagliardi, 1811
  • Salatura chrysippus
    Moore, [1880]
  • Limnas bowringi
    Moore, 1883
  • Danais chrysippus var. vigelii
    Heylaerts, 1884
  • Danais clarippus
    Weymer, 1884
  • Limnas klugii
    Butler, [1886]
  • Limnas chrysippus
    Moore, [1890]
  • Danais dorippus ab. albinus
    Lanz, 1896
  • Danaida dorippus ab. infumata
    Aurivillius, 1898
  • Salatura chrysippus kanariensis
    Fruhstorfer, 1899
  • Danaus dorippus ab. transiens
    Suffert, 1900
  • Danaida chrysippus ab. chrysippellus
    Strand, 1909
  • Danaida dorippus ab. semialbinus
    Strand, 1910
  • Danais chrysippus rubra
    van Eecke, 1915
  • Danais chrysippus fuscippus
    van Eecke, 1915
  • Danais chrysippus ab. axantha
    Hayward, 1922
  • Danais chrysippus ab. candidata
    Hayward, 1922
  • Danaida praealbata
    (Froreich, 1928)
  • Danais chrysippus f. limbata
    Matsumura, 1929
  • Danais chrysippus f. subpurpurea
    Matsumura, 1929
  • Danaida liboria
    (Hulstaert, 1931)
  • Danais chrysippus ab. pseudopetilea
    Kalis, 1933
  • Danaus chrysippus chrysippus f. amplifascia
    Talbot, 1943
  • Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus
    Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984

翅膀中央鲜橙色,翅缘和前翅顶区呈黑色,有一道白色斜斑。雄蝶后翅有一囊状性标[3]。幼虫的寄主皆为夹竹桃科植物,全部有毒[4]

语源

金斑蝶的种小名chrysippus”是指金色的马,而此种腹面在阳光下会有金黄色的反光,因此称为金斑蝶。此种在台湾又称“桦斑蝶”,“桦”是桦色的简称。台湾有少数昆虫名称中有“桦”或“桦色”,像桦斑蝶、桦蛱蝶、桦色细虎天牛。而“桦色”是日文的用法,在日本有更多昆虫名称中有“桦色”或“桦”这个字,而桦色是指暗红色、红棕色、红褐色这色系。台湾的昆虫中文名称有出现“桦色”或“桦”大多是翻译自日文名称。[5]

分布

中国海南广东广西福建湖北云南四川江西陕西香港)、印尼等东南亚各地。澳洲西亚南欧非洲[6]

形态

幼期

卵乳白色,表面有纵棱。蝶蛹常呈绿色,还有淡红棕色型。刚化蛹时体背会有黄色斑纹,之后会消失。[5]

成虫

雌雄斑纹相似。躯体头,胸呈黑褐色,上有白色斑点与线纹腹部背侧橙色,腹侧白色。雄蝶前足被毛,雌蝶则否。前翅翅形近三角形,外缘近翅顶处向外作弧形突出。后翅甚圆。翅背面底色橙色,前翅翅端附近黑褐色,内有白斑并约略形成一斜带。黑褐色部分后侧有一暗褐色区域延伸入中室至翅基。后翅中室端有三枚黑褐色小斑点,翅缘有黑褐色边,内有白点。后翅翅面偶有白纹。雄蝶于后翅CUA2室内有黑色袋状构造,其开口贴近CUA2脉。袋状构造内藏黑褐色特化鳞。翅腹面斑纹类似以背面,但白色斑纹较发达,前翅翅顶多一橙黄色斑。雄蝶后翅袋状构造处有一白纹。缘象毛黑白相间。[4]

习性

幼期

刚孵化幼虫会把卵壳吃掉,并留在叶下面。初龄幼虫会在叶片下收出圆形痕迹并只吃掉叶的表片组织。在叶下面化蛹。幼虫的寄主皆为夹竹桃科有毒植物,包括马利筋,石萝莲和天星藤等。[4][7][8]

成虫

多世代蝶种,全年可见成蝶活动。出没于平地到低山约海拔0-1000米地区。卵散产在寄主嫩叶下面,有时亦可在叶柄上找到卵。无明显群集越冬行为[7]

亚种

  • D. c. chrysippus - 指名亚种[9]
  • D. c. petilia (Stoll, 1790)
- 分布于澳洲大陆及托雷斯海峡群岛、巴布亚新畿内亚路易西亚德群岛纽西兰瓦努阿图[10]
  • D. c. cratippus Felder, 1860
- 分布于摩鹿加群岛东帝汶至印尼塔宁巴尔群岛一带[11]
  • D. c. bataviana (Moore, 1883)
- 分布于印尼爪哇岛小巽他群岛塞拉亚群岛塞拉亚群岛邦加岛[12]
  • D. c. gelderi (Snellen, 1891)
- 分布于印尼苏拉威西岛[13]
  • D. c. orientis (Aurivillius, 1909)
  • 未命名亚种 Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
- 分布于印尼图康伯西群岛[14]
  • 未命名亚种 Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
- 分布于印尼塔卡博内拉特群岛[15]
  • 未命名亚种 Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003[15]
  • 未命名亚种 Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
- 分布于印尼托吉安群岛[15]

参考

  1. ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Danaus chrysippus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174455A53710721.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 471, f. 81
  3. ^ 罗益奎、许永亮. 郊野情報蝴蝶篇 (第三版). 渔农自然护理署. 2010: 518-519. ISBN 9882016316. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 徐堉峰. 《臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑.下【蛺蝶】》. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年3月10日: 20-21. ISBN 9789861776682 (中文(繁体)). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 吕至坚、陈建仁. 《蝴蝶生活史圖鑑》. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2014年3月23日: 321,430-431. ISBN 9789861777849 (中文(繁体)). 
  6. ^ Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 270
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 杨建业、饶戈、丘绍文. 香港蝴蝶圖誌 (卷一). 香港鳞翅目学会. 2007: 116-117. ISBN 978-962-86943-2-7. 
  8. ^ Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology Milkweed butts.: 198, pl. 14, f. 84, pl. IX, f. 88, pl. X, f. 124
  9. ^ Schreber, 1759; Novae Species Insectorum: 9, f. 11-12
  10. ^ Stoll, [1790]; Aanhangsel Werk, Uitl. Kapellen (2-5): pl. [https://archive.org/stream/CUbiodiversity1277042-9600#page/n252/mode/1up 28, f. 3
  11. ^ Felder, 1860; Lepidopterorum Amboienensium species novae diagnosibus Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 (11), 449
  12. ^ Moore, 1883; A Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, two Groups of Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Subfamily Euploeinae; with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I & II Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 238
  13. ^ Snellen, 1891; Beschrijving eener varieteit van Danais Chrysippus L. Tijdschr. Ent. 34: 37
  14. ^ Aurivillius, 1909, Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera und Heterocera (Pars 1) von Madagascar, den Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas in Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika, 2 : 310
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island faunda Zool. Verh. Leiden 343页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): 223

文献

19世纪

  • Gagliardi, 1811; Atti Inst. Incorr. Napol. 1: 155, pl. 1
  • Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 822
  • Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 7, pl. 3, f. 1a-b
  • Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 239
  • Heylaerts, 1884; Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. 28: xcix
  • Weymer, 1884; Ent. Nachr. 10 (17): 257
  • Butler, [1886]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 (4): 758
  • Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 36, 42, pl. 8-9, f. 1, 1a
  • Lanz, 1896; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 9 (1): 130
  • Aurivillius, 1898; K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 31 (5): 33
  • Fruhstorfer, 1899; Stettin ent. Ztg 59 (10-12): 412

20世纪

  • Suffert, 1900; Berl. Ent. Zs. 45: 116
  • Strand, 1909; Archiv Naturg. 75 (1): 375
  • van Eecke, 1915; Zool. Meded. 1 (13): 205
  • Strand, 1910; Soc. Ent. 25 (2): 5
  • Eecke, 1915; Zool. Meded. 1 (13): 205
  • van Eecke, 1915; Zool. Meded. 1 (13): 206
  • Hayward, 1922; Entomologist 55: 178-179
  • Matsumura, 1929; Insecta Matsumurana 3 (2/3): 91
  • Kalis, 1933; Tijdschr. Ent. 76 (1-2): 54
  • Talbot, 1943; Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 122
  • Dufrane, 1948; Misc. ent. 45: 49-50
  • Overlaet, 1955; Miss. de Witte 27: 7
  • Stoneham, 1958; Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 1
  • Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 98
  • Lewis, 1974. Butterflies of the World: pl. 198, f. 7
  • Smart, 1976. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World
  • Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology Milkweed butts.: 209, pl. 19, f. 112-115, pl. IX, f. 98, pl. X, f. 115, 133, pl. XI, f. 150, 152
  • Larsen, 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history Butterflies of Kenya, 256, pl. 27, f. 385

21世纪

  • Tuzov, Bogdanov, Churkin, Devyatkin, Dantchenko, Murzin, Samodurov, Zhdanko, 2000. Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories: Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae Butts. Russia adj. terr. 2 : 10, pl. 1, f. 5-6
  • 杨建业, 饶戈. 2002. 香江蝶影. 万里机构万里书店出版
  • van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Danaus chrysippus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174455A7075393.
  • Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 28

近期研究

  • Smith, D. A., Traut, W., Martin, S. H., Ireri, P., Omufwoko, K. S., & Gordon, I. J. (2019). Neo Sex Chromosomes, Colour Polymorphism and Male-Killing in the African Queen Butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.). Insects, 10(9), 291.

外部链接