黏著法构词
黏著法构词(agglutination、黏著语法构词)是一种语言学上的词法学之构词方法,其中复合词是将语素串在一起而不用改变其拼写或语音。广泛使用黏著法构词特性的语言称为黏着语。黏著法构词的语言中之一语种即土耳其语,比如:黏著法构词词汇“evlerinizden”意思为“从你那些房子”这个词组成的语素是含有多个个别意思的词素,解析为〈ev-ler-iniz-den〉结构分解之意思为〈房子-(复数/那些)-你的-从〉。
词缀
尽管欧、亚多数黏着语主要使用后缀,但非洲南部的班图语言以高度复杂的混合前缀、后缀和重叠而闻名。这个语族的一个典型特征是名词都归类为不同的名词类别。对于每个名词类别,都有特定的单数和复数前缀,它们也作为主语和动词之间一致性的标记。此外,名词决定修饰它的所有词的前缀,主语也决定同一动词短语中其它元素的前缀。
斯瓦希里语名词 -toto(儿童)和 -tu(人)归类为类别1,单数前缀为 m-,复数前缀为 -wa。名词 -tabu(书)归类为类别7,单数前缀为 ki-,复数前缀为 vi-。下列句子可形成:
|
|
|
yu-le
|
m-tu
|
m-moja
|
m-refu
|
a-li
|
y-e
|
ki-soma
|
ki-le
|
ki-tabu
|
ki-refu
|
那个高个的人读了长书。
wa-le
|
wa-tu
|
wa-wili
|
wa-refu
|
wa-li
|
(w)-o
|
vi-soma
|
vi-le
|
vi-tabu
|
vi-refu
|
`那两个高个人读了那些长书。
参考文献
- Kimmo Koskenniemi & Lingsoft Oy: Finnish Morphological Analyser(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Lingsoft Language Solutions, 1995–2011.
- Bernard Comrie (editor): The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, New York – Oxford 1990.
- Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer (ed.): On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford University Press, 1990. Selected parts are available on googlebooks.
- Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams: An Introduction to Language, Thompson Wadsworth, 2007.
- Joseph H. Greenberg: A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language, 1960. Available through JSTOR and in Denning et al. (1990), p. 3–25. There is also a good a short summary(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Gregory Grefenstette, Nasredine Semmar, Faïza Elkateb-Gara: Modifying a Natural Language Processing System for European Languages to Treat Arabic in Information Processing and Information Retrieval Applications, Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages – Workshop Proceedings, University of Michigan 2005, p. 31-38. Available at [1].
- Jan Hajič: Reliving the history: the beginnings of statistical machine translation and languages with rich morphology, IceTAL'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in natural language processing, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Abstract available at [2][永久失效链接].
- Helena Lehečková: Úvod do ugrofinistiky, Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha 1983.
- Robert Lord: Teach Yourself Comparative Linguistics, The English Universities Press Ltd., St Paul's House, London 1967 (first edition 1966).
- Hans Christian Luschützky: Uvedení do typologie jazyků, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2003.
- J. Vendryes: Language – A Linguistic Introduction to History, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd., London 1925 (translated by Paul Radin)
- Баскаков Н. А. Историко-типологическая морфология тюркских языков: (Структура слова и механизм агглютинации) 1450 экз. М.: Наука. Н. А. Баскаков; Отв. ред. акад. А. Н. Кононов; Институт языкознания АН СССР. 1979 (俄语). (в пер.)(俄文)
- Агглютинация, в лингвистике // Большая советская энциклопедия: В 66 томах (65 т. и 1 доп.) / Гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. — 1-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1926—1947.(俄文)
外部连接
- Mwana Simba, a web-page about Swahili grammar.
- Реформатский А. А. Агглютинация и фузия как две тенденции грамматического строения слова(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)