1968年图勒空军基地B-52坠毁事件

1968年美国图勒空军基地B-52坠毁事件，是一起发生在1968年1月21日的飞机坠毁事件，事件中一架美国空军的B-52轰炸机坠毁。这架B-52轰炸机携带了4颗氢弹，执行冷战期间的铬穹顶行动，在飞越北冰洋的巴芬湾时，因为机舱起火迫使机组人员在迫降前放弃飞机。6名机组人员成功脱险，但其中1名因为没有弹射座椅，在试图跳伞时死亡。飞机随后坠入格陵兰岛西北部美军图勒空军基地附近的北极星海湾，导致4颗氢弹头破裂并扩散，产生大范围的放射性污染。

坠机现场的黑色冰面

美国和丹麦启动了一次集中清理和恢复工作，但其中一颗弹头未被找到。事发后美国战略空军的铬穹顶行动立即终止，这更加突出了此任务的安全和政治风险。随后一系列的安全措施被加强，并研制出核武器上使用的更稳定的常规炸药。

1995年，有报告揭发丹麦政府有意对格陵兰的核武器事故保持缄默，这违反了1957年丹麦的无核区域政策。参与清理的工人因为核辐射产生相关疾病，一直在寻求赔偿。2009年3月，时代杂志认为这次事故是世界上最严重的一起核事故。

相关条目

• 1961年B-52同温层堡垒轰炸机空难

参考资料

书籍

• Blacker, Coit D. & Gloria Duffy (Stanford Arms Control Group). International arms control. Stanford University Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8047-1211-5. 
• Busch, Nathan E. No end in sight. University Press of Kentucky. 2004. ISBN 0-8131-2323-2. 
• Christensen, Svend Aage (Danish Institute for International Studies – DIIS). The Marshal's Baton. There is no bomb, there was no bomb, they were not looking for a bomb. DIIS. 2009 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 978-87-7605-331-4. （原始内容存档于2009-08-17）. 
• Clarke, Lee Ben. Worst Cases. University of Chicago Press. 2006. ISBN 0-226-10859-7. 
• Croddy, Eric & James J. Wirtz. Weapons of Mass Destruction. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 1-85109-490-3. 
• translated by Henry Myers. Greenland during the Cold War. Danish and American security policy 1945–1968. Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI). 1997-01-17 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-601-6922-2. （原始内容存档于2009-06-01）. 
• Edwards, Paul & Judy Wajcman. The politics of working life. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-927190-9. 
• Fristrup, Børge. Ice Investigations (PDF). University of Copenhagen. 1970 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-550-0006-1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-18）. 
• Goldblat, Jozef (International Peace Research Institute). Arms control. Sage. 2002. ISBN 0-7619-4016-2. 
• Hanhimäki, Jussi M. & Odd Arne Westad. The Cold War. Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-927280-8. 
• Heurlin, Bertel & Sten Rynning. Missile defence: international, regional and national implications. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 0-415-36120-6. 
• Jones, W. Glyn. Denmark: A Modern History. Taylor & Francis. 1986. ISBN 0-7099-1468-7. 
• Lake, Jon & Mark Styling. B-52 Stratofortress Units in Combat 1955–73. Osprey Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-84176-607-0. 
• Mayall, James & Cornelia Navari. The end of the post-war era. Cambridge University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-521-22698-8. 
• Newtan, Samuel Upton. Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century. AuthorHouse. 2007. ISBN 1-4259-8510-6. 
• Ørvik, Nils. Semialignment and Western security. Taylor & Francis. 1986. ISBN 0-7099-1951-4. 
• Project Crested Ice: A joint Danish-American report on the crash near Thule Air Base on 21 January 1968 of a B-52 bomber carrying nuclear weapons. Vol 65, Part 2. Danish Atomic Energy Commission. February 1970 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-550-0006-1. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19）. 
• Sagan, Scott Douglas. The Limits of Safety. Princeton University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-691-02101-5. 
• Schwartz, Stephen I. Atomic Audit. Brookings Institution Press. 1998. ISBN 0-8157-7774-4. 
• Zukas, Jonas A. & William P. Walters. Explosive Effects and Applications. Springer. 2002. ISBN 0-387-95558-5. 

期刊及报告

• International Peer Review of the Technical Contentof the Project Proposal 'Thule 2007 - Investigation of Radioactive Contamination on Land'. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Commission. 2008-03-03 [2009-09-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-26）. 
• Aarkrog, Asker. Radio-Ecological Investigations (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Danish Atomic Energy Commission). January 1970 [2009-03-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-09）. 
• AEC Observers' Interim Report of Thule Accident, United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1968-02-26, Report, retrieved on 2008-11-13
• Broken Arrow - Palomares, Spain (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Directorate of Nuclear Safety, United States Air Force). Sep–Oct 1966, 52 [2009-03-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-27）. 
• Broken Arrow - Thule (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Directorate of Nuclear Safety, United States Air Force). Jul–Sep 1968, 60 (1) [2009-03-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-27）. 
• Christensen, Svend Aage. The Thule Accident. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). 2009-08-03 [2009-08-14]. ISBN 978-87-7605-331-4. （原始内容存档于2012-05-25）. 
• Dresser, Col D.S. Host Base Support (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Thule Air Base). January 1970 [2009-04-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-09）. 
• Eriksson, Mats. On Weapons Plutonium in the Artic Environment (PDF). Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark: Lund University. April 2002 [2008-11-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-18）. 
• Juel, Knud; Gerda Engholm & Hans Storm, Register study of mortality and cancer incidence among Thule workers（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 2005, National Institute of Public Health (Denmark) & Cancer Society (Denmark), Retrieved on 2009-03-30 (Danish)
• Juel, Knud. The Thule Episode Epidemiological Followup After the Crash of a B-52 Bomber in Greenland: Registry Linkage, Mortality, Hospital Admissions. Journal of Epidemiological and Community Health (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology). 1992, 46 (4): 336–9 [2009-04-12]. PMC 1059595 . PMID 1431702. doi:10.1136/jech.46.4.336. 
• Kidder, Ray E. Barrier to Test Ban. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. April 1991, 47: 22. 
• Nielsen, Sven P. & Per Roos. Thule-2003 – Investigation of Radioactive Contamination. Roskilde: Radiation Research Deptartment, Risø National Laboratory. May 2006. ISBN 87-550-3508-6. 
• Nielsen, Sven P. Thule Field Report. Risø National Laboratory. 2008-11-17 [2009-03-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-09）. 
• Operations Event/Incident Report (OPREP-3) Reporting (PDF). United States Navy. 2007-06-08 [2009-04-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-04-19）. 
• SAC's Deadly Daily Dozen. Time. 1961-05-17 [2009-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）. 
• Thule Status Report, 1968-09-10, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Report, Retrieved on 2008-11-18
• The Worst Nuclear Disasters. Time. March 2009 [2009-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-31）. 

网页

• Agger, Jonathan Søborg & Lasse Wolsgård. A Policy of the Utmost Flexibility: Danish Nuclear Weapons Policy 1956-1960. Danish Historical Association via historisktidsskrift.dk. [2009-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
• B-52 Crash (PDF). Pentagon: National Military Command Center via Nautilus.org. 1968-01-24 [2009-04-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-11-20）. 
• B-52 Crash at Thule Air Base (PDF). United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1968-01-22 [2008-11-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-25）. 
• Brooke, James. Greenlanders Wary of a New Role in U.S. Defenses. New York Times. 2000-09-18 [2008-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-09）. 
• Corera, Gordon. Radioactive legacy of 'lost bomb'. BBC News. 2008-11-10 [2008-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-02）. 
• Corera, Gordon. Mystery of lost US nuclear bomb. BBC News. 2008-11-10 [2008-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-23）. 
• Foreign Relations of the United States 1964–1968, Volume XII, Western Europe: Denmark. United States Department of State. [2008-11-12]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-13）. 
• Broken Arrow. GlobalSecurity.org. 2005-04-28 [2009-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）. 
• Hansen, H.C. Danish Prime Minister Gives Tacit Go-Ahead For U.S. Nuclear Weapons In Greenland. The Nautilius Institute. 1957-11-16 [2009-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-06）. 
• Kristensen, Hans M. Denmark's Thulegate. The Nuclear Information Project. 2004 [2009-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 
• Kristensen, Hans M. Secrecy On A Sliding Scale: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Deployments And Danish Non-Nuclear Policy. The Nautilius Institute. 1999-10-20 [2009-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-31）. 
• Kristensen, Hans M. Following Bomber Crash, U.S. Copenhagen Embassy Urges State Department To Lie About Flight Route. US State Department via Nautilus.org. 1968-01-23 [2009-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-05）. 
• Leyne, Jon. Nuclear bomb 'lost near Greenland'. BBC News. 2000-08-13 [2008-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-12）. 
• May, John. The Greenpeace book of the nuclear age; The hidden history - the human cost (PDF). Greenpeace Books: 205. 1989 [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-05-05）. 
• McElwee, Captain Robert E. Project Crested Ice (PDF). United States Navy. March 1968 [2008-11-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-06-18）. 
• Mulvey, Stephen. Denmark challenged over B52 crash. BBC News. 2007-05-11 [2008-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-12）. 
• Nielsen, S.P.; Roos, P. Thule-2003-Investigation of radioactive contamination. Risø National Laboratory. 2006 [2009-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19）. 
• Petition 720/2002 by Jeffrey Carswell（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Committee on Petitions, European Parliament, 2004
• Petition 720/2002 by Jeffrey Carswell（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Committee on Petitions, European Parliament, 2007
• Plummer, David W. & William H. Greenwood. The History of Nuclear Weapon Safety Devices (PDF). Albuquerque: Sandia National Laboratories. June 1998 [2011-01-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-01-31）. 
• Project Crested Ice: The Thule Accident (PDF). History & Research Division, Strategic Air Command (via National Security Archive). 1969-04-23 [2009-03-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-05-05）. 
• Taagholt, Jørgen & Jens Claus Hansen (Trans. Daniel Lufkin). Greenland: Security Perspectives (PDF). Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States: 35–43. 2001 [2011-01-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-05-05）. 
• Thule Nuclear Weapons Accident: Dose Evaluation Report, United States Air Force Medical Service, April 2001, Report, Retrieved on 2009-03-26
• Vantine, Harry C & Thomas R. Crites. Relevance of Nuclear Weapons Clean-up Experience to Dirty Bomb Response (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 2003-03-26 [2011-01-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-27）. 

拓展阅读

• Brink, Poul. Thule-Sagen, Løgnens Univers. Aschehoug. 1997. ISBN 8711150459.  （丹麦文）
• James C. Oskins, Michael H. Maggelet. Broken Arrow - The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. Lulu. 2008. ISBN 1-4357-0361-8. 

外部链接

• 文件和照片 （丹麦文）
• DoD Mishaps by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
• Declassified US government video of clean-up operation（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） BBC
• National Institute for Radiation Protection (Denmark)（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （丹麦文）
• Thulesundhed.dk website by Ministry of Health and Prevention (Denmark) and the Department of Family and Health (Greenland) covering the impact of plutonium in the Thule area on the health of the local population （丹麦文）