F#是由微软发展的为.NET语言提供运行环境的程序设计语言,是函数程式语言FP,Functional Programming),函数程式语言最重要的基础是Lambda Calculus。它是基于OCaml的,而OCaml是基于ML函数程式语言。有时F#和OCaml的程式是可以交互编译的。

F#
编程范型多范型: 函数式, 指令式, 面向对象, 元编程, 并发计算
设计者微软研究院, Don Syme英语Don Syme
实作者微软, F♯软件基金会英语F Sharp Software Foundation
发行时间2005年 (2005) (version 1.0)
当前版本
  • 9.0.0(2024年11月12日;稳定版本)[1]
编辑维基数据链接
型态系统静态类型, 强类型, 类型推论
操作系统跨平台 (.NET, .NET框架, Mono, JavaScript)
许可证Apache许可证
文件扩展名.fs, .fsi, .fsx, .fsscript
网站fsharp.org
启发语言
ML, OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell,[2] Scala, Erlang
影响语言
F*, LiveScript英语LiveScript

F#支援高阶函数柯里化惰性求值续体模式匹配闭包列表推导式元编程。这是一个用于显示.NET在不同编程语言间互通的程序设计,可以被.NET中的任意其它代码编译和调用。

2002年微软开始由Don Syme带领研发F#,从C#,LINQHaskell中获取了经验,2005年推出第一个版本,2007年7月31日释出1.9.2.9版。2007年底,微软宣布F#进入产品化的阶段。

F#已被集成在Visual Studio 2010中,版本是2.0,含有对.Net Framework的完全支持。

F#现在在Visual Studio 2015中,版本是4.0。

F#现在在Visual Studio 2017中,版本是4.1。

范例

一些小小范例如下:

// This is a comment for a sample hello world program.
printfn "Hello World!"

具有构造函数的Person类,该构造函数具有名称和年龄以及两个不可变的属性。

/// This is a documentation comment for a type definition.
type Person(name : string, age : int) =
    member x.Name = name
    member x.Age = age
    
/// class instantiation
let mrSmith = Person("Smith", 42)

一个经常用于演示函数式语言语法的简单示例。此处以32位非负整数的阶乘函数为例,使用F#。

/// Using pattern matching expression
let rec factorial n =
    match n with
    | 0 -> 1
    | _ -> n * factorial (n - 1)

/// For a single-argument functions there is syntactic sugar (pattern matching function):
let rec factorial = function 
    | 0 -> 1 
    | n -> n * factorial (n - 1)
    
/// Using fold and range operator
let factorial n = [1..n] |> Seq.fold (*) 1

迭代示例:

/// Iteration using a 'for' loop
let printList lst = 
    for x in lst do
        printfn "%d" x

/// Iteration using a higher-order function
let printList2 lst = 
    List.iter (printfn "%d") lst

/// Iteration using a recursive function and pattern matching
let rec printList3 lst =
    match lst with
    | [] -> ()
    | h :: t ->
        printfn "%d" h
        printList3 t

斐波那契数列数列示例:

/// Fibonacci Number formula
let fib n =
    let rec g n f0 f1 =
        match n with
        | 0 -> f0
        | 1 -> f1
        | _ -> g (n - 1) f1 (f0 + f1)
    g n 0 1

/// Another approach - a lazy infinite sequence of Fibonacci numbers
let fibSeq = Seq.unfold (fun (a,b) -> Some(a+b, (b, a+b))) (0,1)

// Print even fibs
[1 .. 10]
|> List.map     fib
|> List.filter  (fun n -> (n % 2) = 0)
|> printList

// Same thing, using a list expression
[ for i in 1..10 do
    let r = fib i
    if r % 2 = 0 then yield r ]
|> printList

一个Windows程序样本示例:

// Open the Windows Forms library
open System.Windows.Forms

// Create a window and set a few properties
let form = new Form(Visible=true, TopMost=true, Text="Welcome to F#")

// Create a label to show some text in the form
let label =
    let x = 3 + (4 * 5)
    new Label(Text = sprintf "x = %d" x)

// Add the label to the form
form.Controls.Add(label)

// Finally, run the form
[<System.STAThread>]
Application.Run(form)

多线程编程示例(此处为CPU和I/O任务同时进行):

/// A simple prime number detector
let isPrime (n:int) =
   let bound = int (sqrt (float n))
   seq {2 .. bound} |> Seq.forall (fun x -> n % x <> 0)

// We are using async workflows
let primeAsync n =
    async { return (n, isPrime n) }

/// Return primes between m and n using multiple threads
let primes m n =
    seq {m .. n}
        |> Seq.map primeAsync
        |> Async.Parallel
        |> Async.RunSynchronously
        |> Array.filter snd
        |> Array.map fst

// Run a test
primes 1000000 1002000
    |> Array.iter (printfn "%d")

参考文献

  1. ^ https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2.
  2. ^ Syme, Granicz & Cisternino (2007:2页) "F# also draws from Haskell particularly with regard to two advanced language features called sequence expressions and workflows."

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