晝夜節律
晝夜節律(英語:circadian rhythm)又稱日夜節律、近日節律[1]、概日節律[2][3]、日變節律[4]、生理時鐘(physiological clock),是一種生理現象,以內源性、持續的,呈現以約24小時為周期的變動;由日變時鐘(circadian clock)所驅動。晝夜節律已在動物、植物、真菌和藍菌中被廣泛觀察到,並且有證據表明它們在每個生物界中獨立進化[5][6]。
英語 circadian 源自拉丁語 circa,為大約、大概的意思;拉丁語 diem 是一天、一日之意。合起來,在字面上的意思,是大約一天。
晝夜振盪器(circadian oscillator)則是驅動晝夜節律的中樞機制,使生物的生理節律與晝夜周期相一致,以近24小時為周期而振盪的節律,由基因產物作用於基因啟動子所組成的反饋迴路或其他反饋迴路。
歷史
1729 年,法國科學家讓-雅克·多爾圖·德邁朗在一篇科學論文中首次描述了內源性晝夜節律。他注意到,即使在沒有外部刺激的情況下,日本含羞草植物的葉子也會繼續以大約 24 小時的模式移動(睡眠運動)。 [7][8]
1962年,德國人尤金·阿紹夫(Jürgen Aschoff)自己在無光狀態下度過了大約一周的時間。研究表明,人類晝夜節律,包括睡眠-覺醒、核心體溫和尿液中甾體激素,都被證明周期比24小時更長,接近25小時。 [9]。然而,隨後使用各種實驗條件的研究表明,雖然每個人的晝夜節律不同,但平均周期為24小時10分鐘。 [10][11]
對動物的重要性
晝夜節律存在於動物(包括人類)的睡眠和進食模式中。核心體溫、腦電波活動、激素產生、細胞再生和其他生物活動也有明顯的模式。此外,光週期現象,即生物體對白天或夜晚長度的生理反應,對植物和動物都至關重要,晝夜節律系統在測量和解釋日長方面發揮着作用。及時預測季節性的天氣狀況、食物供應或捕食者活動對許多物種的生存至關重要。雖然不是唯一的參數,但光周期(日長)的變化長度是預測生理和行為季節性時間的最有預測性的環境線索,最顯著的是遷徙、冬眠和繁殖的時間[12]。
社會與文化
2017年,來自美國的三位遺傳學家傑弗理·霍爾(Jeffrey Hall)、邁克爾·羅斯巴希(Michael Rosbash)和邁克爾·揚(Michael Young)因「發現控制晝夜節律的分子機制」而共同贏得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎[13][14]。
晝夜節律被視為科學知識轉移到公共領域的一個例子[15]。
相關條目
參考文獻
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- ^ [不可靠的醫學來源?] Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. (原始內容存檔於2008-01-01).
- ^ Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2024-07-03).
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延伸閱讀
- Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
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- Avivi, A.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Albrecht, U.; Nevo, E. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2002, 99 (18): 11718–23. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911718A. PMC 129335 . PMID 12193657. doi:10.1073/pnas.182423299.
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