沙斐儀派
沙斐儀派(阿拉伯語:شافعي,拉丁化Šāfiʿī ;英語:Shafi'i)[1]、沙菲耶派[2],是遜尼派伊斯蘭四大教法學中的一大派別,由阿拉伯學者穆罕默德·本·伊德里斯·沙斐儀於公元9世紀初創立。[3]另外三大學派是哈乃斐派、罕百里派和馬立克派。
在早期的伊斯蘭教中,沙斐儀派是伊斯蘭教法學中遵循者最多的一派。然而隨着奧斯曼帝國的擴張,在部分穆斯林聚居區,其主導地位被哈乃斐派取代。[4]
主要原則
沙斐儀學派規定了五個權威的教法來源。按照等級劃分的順序,首先依靠的是古蘭經,其次是聖訓;[5][4]當古蘭經和聖訓解釋模稜兩可時,沙斐儀學派則從「公議」(先知穆罕默德同伴們的一致意見)中尋求教法指導;[6] 如果沒有一致意見,則依據「伊智提哈德」(穆罕默德同伴的個人意見);最後再依靠類比。[5]
沙斐儀學派否認「伊斯提哈桑」(又譯「優選」,在有更強的證據時放棄以前判例作出的新裁決)和「伊斯提斯拉赫」(又譯「公益」,在公共利益基礎上進行的判決)這兩個原則的權威性,儘管他們被其他教法學派承認。[7][8]「優選」和「公益」這兩個原則沒有古蘭經或聖訓的原文作為基礎,只是伊斯蘭教法學家們為了推廣伊斯蘭教的所作的理解。[9]沙斐儀學派認為這兩個原則是依靠的是人類的意見,可能產生腐敗現象或會隨着政治環境發生改變,因此拒絕承認其作為法學來源。[7][8]
分布
主要觀點
不同穆斯林社區實行伊斯蘭教法的嚴格程度有所差異,部分社區只實行教法的部分方面,如婚姻、繼承等。[16][17][18]下述為沙斐儀派伊斯蘭教法的觀點。
叛教
伊斯蘭教法學的各個學派都認為叛教是一種罪行。沙斐儀學派對於叛教者首先給予三天的時間等待其悔改[19][20][21],若拒不悔改,傳統的懲罰措施是處以死刑,無論是男性或女性。[22][21]另外叛教者還要負民事責任,其財產要被沒收並分發給穆斯林親屬,其婚姻宣布無效,子女交由國家監護。[22]
褻瀆
沙斐儀派認為褻瀆是指侮辱或貶低安拉、穆罕默德或與伊斯蘭教相關其他事物的行為[23],而褻瀆和叛教是兩種罪名。對於褻瀆者,沙斐儀學派也給予悔改的機會,拒不悔改者傳統上處以死刑,無論男性或女性。[24][25]
石刑
對於通姦或同性戀等伊斯蘭教所禁止的性行為,沙斐儀學派認為應當處以石刑。如果被指控者未婚,則可改為公開鞭刑。[26]沙斐儀學派認可自我陳述、四個男性目擊證人的證詞(不接受女性的證詞)以及懷孕(有時會有爭議)為非法性行為的證據。[27]
彩禮
與其他學派不同,沙斐儀學派沒有規定結婚時穆斯林男方家庭必須付給女方的彩禮金額的最低值。[28]
其他觀點
- 與其他遜尼派伊斯蘭教法學學派一樣,沙斐儀派也規定最小的結婚年齡為:男性12歲,女性9歲。而成年的年齡是:男性18歲,女性17歲,成年之後可獨自訂立婚約。監護人有權安排未成年人的婚姻。[29]
- 傳統的沙斐儀學派認為,男方有權和女方離婚,但女方不能首先向男方提出離婚。[30]
- 其他教法學派禁止下國際象棋,而沙斐儀學派只是不提倡。[31]
- 沙斐儀派禁止音樂、歌唱與舞蹈,這與其他學派的觀點相似[32][33],並且認為所有的樂器都應當被摧毀。[34]
- 沙斐儀派學者禁止對任何有生命的物體進行描繪、繪畫。[35][36][37]
- 歷史上曾有沙斐儀學派的文獻批准過女性割禮,而沙斐儀學派的創始人認為男性和女性都有接受割禮的義務。[38][39]
- 沙斐儀學派禁止剃鬚,而其他學派只是不提倡。[40]
沙斐儀學派著名人物
參見
參考資料
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