駭客行動主義

駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism),或譯作「駭客激進主義」、「駭客主義」、「激進駭客」,是駭客(英語:hacking)與行動主義(英語:activism)的合成詞,指一種網路行動主義;其採取資訊技術、駭客攻擊展開公民不服從運動,以期達到推動政治議程或社會變革的目標。 [1] 駭客行動主義,根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理,其目的常為了言論自由人權資訊自由[2]

駭客行動主義活動涉及許多政治理念和議題。 自由網,是對抗審查點對點通信平台,是將政治理念和言論自由主張轉化為實際代碼的典型例子。駭客攻擊,作為行動主義手段,諸如匿名者維基解密之類的激進分子在網絡發起,也可以由單一激進分子活動,在不存在領導全體的權威下,為共同目標而相互合作。 [3]

「駭客行動主義」,是歧義術語。這個合成詞的誕生,是為了描述電子直接行動,即通過結合程式設計技術和批判性思維來努力實現社會變革。然而,正如駭客,有時也意味着網絡犯罪,駭客行動主義,也可能指帶惡意的、破壞性的、破壞網路安全的行動主義。[4] 相較於以往的行動主義形式,駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功,而吸引了更多參與者,更多工具的投入,取得更大影響力,能夠改變選舉結果、引發衝突,甚至摧毀企業。[5]

根據美國《2020-2022年反情報戰略》,除了國家對手和跨國犯罪組織外,「駭客行動主義者、泄密行動主義者和公開披露組織等受意識形態驅動的實體構成了重大威脅」。 [6] [7]

無政府主義駭客

起源和定義

1995年,Jason Sack首次使用了「駭客行動主義」一詞,去評論新媒體藝術家鄭淑麗的電影《Fresh Kill》 。 [8][9] 然而,死牛崇拜(cDc) 成員「Omega」多視為首個以現代意義發明該術語的人。1996年,Omega發給組織成員的電子郵件中使用了「駭客行動主義」一詞。 [10][11] Omega主張,言論自由人的基本權利;為保障言論自由,需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權,而駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism)便是達成此目標的手段。[12] 由於該術語的歧義性,有些定義涵蓋網絡恐怖主義行動;其他定義則重申使用駭客技術改變社會。[13] [14]

著名的駭客行動主義團體與激進駭客

維基解密

2006年,媒體出版商維基解密成立。維基解密是非營利性組織,資金來自捐款[25]和媒體合作。維基解密發表了匿名消息來源提供的機密文件和其他媒體。[26] 維基解密創辦人是澳大利亞編輯、出版商和運動家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前,阿桑奇正因與維基解密的合作,而遭要求引渡到美國。[27] 2018年9月起, 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主編[28][29] 從2022年11月開始,維基解密網站上的許多文件無法訪問。[30][31][32][33]

 
福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具。

匿名者

2003年,匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區。4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流[34][35][36]。匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份[37][38][39]。在早期,成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標,主要是娛樂方面,或一些惡作劇。然而,2008年,匿名者發起「Project Chanology」行動,抗議、惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會,從此聲名大噪。自此,匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動。

DkD[||

2003年3月,法國激進駭客DkD[||遭中央打擊網絡犯罪辦公室(OCLCTIC)逮捕。 DkD[|| 破壞超過2千個頁面,其中許多是政府和美國軍事網站。里爾地區司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客為「法國頭號激進駭客」。[40]

出於其政治觀點,DkD[|| 在地下世界裡是位出名的塗鴉者。對於他的逮捕,Ghost Boys 在許多navy.mil網站塗鴉了「釋放 DkD[||!!」 口號。 [41][42]

LulzSec

2011年5月,5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec,因在成立2個月內發起的「反安全小組行動」(英語:Operation AntiSec)而聲名大噪。名稱來自「笑」(英語:lulz)與安全(英語:security)的混生語。 [43] 5名成員為"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"與"Pwnsauce"。[44]

參見

參考

註腳

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