鯡魚是大部分鯡科魚的通稱。牠們多在暗沙或岸邊聯群游弋。其中,最常見,而且具高商業價值的鯡魚有3種,皆屬於鯡屬,其捕獲量佔了鯡魚總捕獲量約90%。其中,三種鯡屬魚中捕獲量最多的為大西洋鯡,佔比過半。這三種魚一般在北太平洋北大西洋波羅的海南美洲西岸的淺水溫帶區出沒。此外,也有一些被稱作鯡魚的魚類在阿拉伯海印度洋孟加拉灣一帶出沒。

鯡魚 (Herring)
大西洋鯡, Clupea harengus
1950年–2010年全球鯡魚總捕獲量
單位為百萬噸[1]

歷史上,鯡魚在歐洲漁業扮演了舉足輕重的角色,[2]對此魚的研究在二十世紀早期為漁業學提供了長足進步的基礎。[3]此外,牠們曾長年為重要的食用魚,常以處理保存。

種類

不少物種皆被歸類為鯡魚,其中大部份皆屬於鯡科。鯡魚的英文名稱herring的詞源並不明確,可能源於古高地德語heri,有衆多、大群體之意。[4]

鯡科的模式屬為鯡屬[5]鯡屬共有三種,包括在北太平洋出沒的模式種大西洋鯡、在北太平洋出沒的太平洋鯡以及智利沿岸出沒的貝氏智利鯡

鯡屬鯡魚
俗名 學名 最長記錄 一般長度 最重可達 最高壽命 營養級 世界魚類數據庫 聯合國糧食及農業組織 整合分類學資訊系統 保護級別
貝氏智利鯡 Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 [6] [7] [8] 未予評估
大西洋鯡 Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 45.0 cm 30.0 cm 1.05 kg 22 years 3.23 [9] [10] [11]   無危[12]
太平洋鯡 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 46.0 cm 25.0 cm 19 years 3.15 [9] [13] [14] 未予評估

除此之外,也有不少魚類被國際自然保護聯盟視爲鯡魚,收錄於世界魚類數據庫,現表列如下:

其餘鯡魚
種類 俗名 學名 最長記錄 一般長度 最重可達 最高壽命 營養級 世界魚類數據庫 聯合國糧食及農業組織 整合分類學資訊系統 保護級別
淡水鯡英語Pellonulinae 窄體似鯡 Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years [15] [16]   數據缺乏[17]
圓腹鯡科 印尼少棱圓鯡 Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years [18] [19]   Least concern[20]
寬帶任氏鯡 Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years [21] [22]   Least concern[23]
南非吉氏鯡 Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years [24] [25]   Least concern[26]
小眼任氏鯡 Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years [27] [28]   Least concern[29]
沙丁脂眼鯡 Etrumeus teres (De Kay, 1842) 33 cm 25 cm kg years [30] [31] [32] 未予評估
雙鰭似黍鯡 Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 [33] [34]   Data deficient[35]
懷氏脂眼鯡 Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 [36] [37] [38]   Least concern[39]
短帶任氏鯡 Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978

cm cm kg years [40] [41]   Vulnerable[42]
後絲鯡屬 加拉帕戈斯後絲鯡 Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 [43] [44]   易危[45]
少耙後絲鯡 Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years [46] [47]   無危[48]
太平洋後絲鯡 Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years [49] [50] [44]   無危[51]
蒲氏後絲鯡 Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) cm cm kg years [52] [53]   無危[54]
其他 黑帶側帶鯡 Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years [55] [56]   無危[57]
齒頭鯡 Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years [58] [59]   Vulnerable[60]
勃氏犬齒鰳 Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years [61] [62]   Least concern[63]
細側帶鯡 Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years [64] [65]   Least concern[66]
太平洋青鱗魚 Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [67] [68]   Least concern[69]
小細鯡 Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years [70] [71]   Least concern[72]
日本銀帶鯡 Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 [73] [74] Not assessed
太平洋側帶鯡 Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [75] [76]   Least concern[77]
西拉棱鯡 Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years [78] [79]   Least concern[80]

參考

  1. ^ Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  2. ^ Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
  3. ^ Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
  4. ^ Herring頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  5. ^ Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5.
  6. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea bentincki. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  7. ^ Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  8. ^ Clupea bentincki. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea harengus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  10. ^ Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
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  21. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
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  24. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Gilchristella aestuaria. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
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  27. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia majua. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  28. ^ Jenkinsia majua. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  29. ^ Munroe TA & Priede IG. Jenkinsia majua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  30. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus teres. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  31. ^ Etrumeus teres (Norman, 1936) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  32. ^ Etrumeus teres. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  33. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratellomorpha bianalis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  34. ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  35. ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012]. 
  36. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus whiteheadi. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  37. ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  38. ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  39. ^ Heemstra PC, Munroe TA & Priede IG. Etrumeus whiteheadi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012]. 
  40. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia parvula. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  41. ^ Jenkinsia parvula. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  42. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia parvula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  43. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema berlangai. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Opisthonema libertate. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  45. ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Opisthonema berlangai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  46. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema medirastre. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  47. ^ Opisthonema medirastre. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  48. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema medirastre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  49. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema libertate. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  50. ^ Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  51. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema libertate. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  52. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema bulleri. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  53. ^ Opisthonema bulleri. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  54. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema bulleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  55. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile nigrofasciata. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  56. ^ Lile nigrofasciata. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  57. ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  58. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Denticeps clupeoides. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  59. ^ Denticeps clupeoides. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
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  61. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  62. ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  63. ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  64. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  65. ^ Lile gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  66. ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Lile gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  67. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Harengula thrissina. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  68. ^ Harengula thrissina. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
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  70. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
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外部連結

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