黑齒法螺

黑齒法螺; 化石時期：中新世 - 現在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Apertural view of Monoplex parthenopeus
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 2.3）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
目：	玉黍螺目 Littorinimorpha
科：	嵌線螺科 Cymatiidae
屬：	毛法螺屬 Monoplex
種：	黑齒法螺 M. parthenopeus
二名法
	Monoplex parthenopeus; (Salis-Marschlins（英語：Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins）, 1793)
異名
	Cymatium (Cabestana) parthenopius (Salis Marschlins, 1793); Cymatium (Cabestana) parthenopius var. robusta Bellatante, 1954; † Cymatium (Linatella) valentinei Olsson & Petit, 1964; Cymatium (Monoplex) echo Kuroda & Habe in Kira, 1961; Cymatium (Monoplex) echo iwakawanum sensu Kuroda & Kira Shikama, 1964; Cymatium (Monoplex) parthenopeum (Salis, 1793); Cymatium (Septa) parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793); Cymatium echo Kuroda & Habe in Kira, 1961; Cymatium parthenopeum (Von Salis, 1793); Cymatium parthenopeum parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793); Cymatium (Septa) parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793); † Cymatium doliarium var. minor Segre, 1952; Cymatium turtoni E. A. Smith, 1890; Dissentoma prima Pilsbry, 1945; Monoplex australasiae Perry, 1811; Murex costatus Born, 1778 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex costatus Pennant, 1777); Murex costulatus Risso（英語：Antoine Risso）, 1826; † Murex doliare Brocchi, 1814; Murex intermedius Brocchi, 1814; Murex parthenopus Salis-Marschlins, 1793; Ranella parthenopaeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793) (incorrect generic placement; incorrect grammatical agreement of species epithet); Ranella pyramidata Risso, 1826; Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea (Salis Marschlins, 1793); Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea echo Beu, 1970; Triton (Monoplex) fossatum Gould, 1860; Triton (Simpulum) acclivis Hutton, 1873; † Triton abbreviatus Bellardi in d'Ancona, 1872; Triton acclivis Hutton, 1873; Triton americanum d』Orbigny, 1842; Triton brasilianum Gould, 1849; Triton fossatum Gould, 1860 (doubtful synonym); † Triton olearium var. escoffierae Fontannes, 1879; Triton parthenopaeum [sic] (misspelling of Triton parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793)); Triton parthenopaeum var. antupa de Gregorio, 1885; Triton parthenopaeum var. milona de Gregorio, 1884; Triton parthenopaeum var. peribranta de Gregorio, 1884; Triton parthenopaeum var. sbilpa de Gregorio, 1885; Triton parthenopaeum var. stimum de Gregorio, 1885; Triton succinctum Lamarck, 1816; Tritonium hirsutum Franseschini, 1906;

黑齒法螺（學名：Monoplex parthenopeum）是一個海螺物種，屬於嵌線螺科的海洋腹足綱軟體動物^[4]，以捕食其他腹足綱物種為生。舊屬異足目法螺科梭法螺屬^[3]，今屬玉黍螺目嵌線螺科毛法螺屬^[5]^[6]。

化石紀錄

本物種的化石紀錄從中新世到第四紀，即從1597萬年前到現在^[7]。

分佈

本物種分佈於全世界，包括：

大西洋西部^[6]
紐西蘭（英語：List of marine molluscs of New Zealand）^[8]
韓國、中國大陸、台灣^[2]。

形態描述

本物種已知最長的螺殼可達180 mm^[9]。

棲息地

常棲息在潮下帶^[2]，已知最深的棲息地位於水深75 m^[9]。

生命週期

Hairy tritons are notable for having particularly long planktonic periods. The veliger（英語：veliger） larvae remain in the plankton for nearly 300 days, dispersing as far as 4000 km.^[10] This is the longest known larval duration and dispersal distance（英語：Marine larval ecology） of any marine invertebrate which occurs along the west coast of North America.^[11]

圖庫

A 螺殼 of Monoplex parthenopeus with 外殼膜 removed
Same shell, apertural view
Apertural view of Monoplex parthenopeus echo (Kuroda & Habe in Kira, 1961) with 螺厴 and 外殼膜 attached
Fossil shell of Monoplex parthenopeus from Pliocene of Italy

參考文獻

^ Mollusc Specialist Group. Cymatium parthenopaeum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T6069A12386021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T6069A12386021.en  .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 国际贝库：黑齿法螺. 台灣貝類資料庫. [2009-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）（中文（繁體））.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 黑齒法螺 Cymatium parthenopeum von Salis, 1793. 臺灣物種名錄. 臺灣: 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心（中文（臺灣））.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Monoplex parthenopeus (Salis-Marschlins, 1793). WoRMS. 2018-12-06.
^ Cymatium parthenopeum (Salis, 1793). CLEMAM. [2011-02-18] （法語）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1793)" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. accessed 17 February 2011.
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=159070 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） |title=？ |work=Fossilworks
^ Powell A. W. B.（英語：Arthur William Baden Powell）, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Welch, J. J. The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776 （英語）.
^ Scheltema, R. S. 1971. Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shoalwater benthic marine gastropods. Biological Bulletin 140:284–322.
^ AL Shanks, BA Grantham, MH Carr (2003) Propagule dispersal distance and the size and spacing of marine reserves. Ecological Applications, 13, S159-S169.

擴展閱讀

Salis Marschlins C. U. von (1793). Reisen in verschieden Provinzen den Königreischs Neapel. Zurich and Leipzig, Ziegler Vol. I: pp. 442 + 10 pl.
Beu, A. G. (1970). The Mollusca of the subgenus Monoplex (family Cymatiidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences 11 (17): 225-237
Morton B. & Morton JE. (1983). The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
Gofas, S.; Afonso, J.P.; Brandào, M. (Ed.). (S.a.). Conchas e Moluscos de Angola = Coquillages et Mollusques d'Angola. [Shells and molluscs of Angola]. Universidade Agostinho / Elf Aquitaine Angola: Angola. 140 pp
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda.
Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
Beu A.G. 2010 [August]. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377-378: 550 pp, 79 pls.
Pilsbry, H. A. (1945). New Floridian marine mollusks. The Nautilus. 59(2): 59-60 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Perry, G. (1811). Conchology, or the natural history of shells: containing a new arrangement of the genera and species, illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens, and including the latest discoveries. 4 pp., 61 plates. London （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Born, I. Von. (1778). Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere; Vindobonae (Vienna); (Kraus) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Risso, A. (1826-1827). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, F.G. Levrault. 3(XVI): 1-480, 14 pls. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Hutton, F. W. (1873). Catalogue of the marine Mollusca of New Zealand with diagnoses of the species. Didsbury, Wellington. xx + 116 pp. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Orbigny A. d'. (1841-1853). Mollusques. In: R. de la Sagra (ed.). Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba. Arthus Bertrand, Paris. Vol 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Gould, A. A. (1849). Descriptions of new species of shells, brought home by the U. S. Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 3: 83-85, 89-92, 106-108, 118-121 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Gould, A. A. (1860). Descriptions of new shells collected by the United States North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 7: 323-336 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Smith, E. A. (1890). Report on the marine molluscan fauna of the island of St. Helena. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. (1890): 247-317, pls 21-24 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Bellardi, L. (1873). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte I. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Heteropoda. Gasteropoda (Muricidae et Tritonidae). Stamperia Reale, Torino, 264 pp., 15 pl. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Drawing of the shell

外部連結

維基物種上的相關資訊：黑齒法螺
Sealife Collection網站提供的黑齒法螺的圖片

[iucn-1] Mollusc Specialist Group. Cymatium parthenopaeum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T6069A12386021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T6069A12386021.en  .

[shell_740-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 国际贝库：黑齿法螺. 台灣貝類資料庫. [2009-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）（中文（繁體））.

[TaiBNET-3] 3.0 ^3.1 黑齒法螺 Cymatium parthenopeum von Salis, 1793. 臺灣物種名錄. 臺灣: 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心（中文（臺灣））.

[WoRMS_476531-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Monoplex parthenopeus (Salis-Marschlins, 1793). WoRMS. 2018-12-06.

[5] Cymatium parthenopeum (Salis, 1793). CLEMAM. [2011-02-18] （法語）.

[malacolog-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1793)" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. accessed 17 February 2011.

[7] {{cite web |url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=159070 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） |title=？ |work=Fossilworks

[Powell-8] Powell A. W. B.（英語：Arthur William Baden Powell）, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

[Welch_2010-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Welch, J. J. The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776 （英語）.

[10] Scheltema, R. S. 1971. Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shoalwater benthic marine gastropods. Biological Bulletin 140:284–322.

[11] AL Shanks, BA Grantham, MH Carr (2003) Propagule dispersal distance and the size and spacing of marine reserves. Ecological Applications, 13, S159-S169.

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黑齒法螺化石時期：中新世 - 現在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N

Apertural view of Monoplex parthenopeus
保護狀況
無危（IUCN 2.3）^[1]
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
目：	玉黍螺目 Littorinimorpha
科：	嵌線螺科 Cymatiidae
屬：	毛法螺屬 Monoplex
種：	黑齒法螺 M. parthenopeus
二名法
*Monoplex parthenopeus* (Salis-Marschlins（英語：Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins）, 1793)
異名^[4]
Cymatium (Cabestana) parthenopius (Salis Marschlins, 1793) Cymatium (Cabestana) parthenopius var. robusta Bellatante, 1954 † Cymatium (Linatella) valentinei Olsson & Petit, 1964 Cymatium (Monoplex) echo Kuroda & Habe in Kira, 1961 Cymatium (Monoplex) echo iwakawanum sensu Kuroda & Kira Shikama, 1964 Cymatium (Monoplex) parthenopeum (Salis, 1793) Cymatium (Septa) parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793) Cymatium echo Kuroda & Habe in Kira, 1961^[2] Cymatium parthenopeum (Von Salis, 1793)^[3] Cymatium parthenopeum parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793) Cymatium (Septa) parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793) † Cymatium doliarium var. minor Segre, 1952 Cymatium turtoni E. A. Smith, 1890 Dissentoma prima Pilsbry, 1945 Monoplex australasiae Perry, 1811 Murex costatus Born, 1778 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex costatus Pennant, 1777) Murex costulatus Risso（英語：Antoine Risso）, 1826 † Murex doliare Brocchi, 1814 Murex intermedius Brocchi, 1814 Murex parthenopus Salis-Marschlins, 1793 Ranella parthenopaeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793) (incorrect generic placement; incorrect grammatical agreement of species epithet) Ranella pyramidata Risso, 1826 Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea (Salis Marschlins, 1793) Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea echo Beu, 1970 Triton (Monoplex) fossatum Gould, 1860 Triton (Simpulum) acclivis Hutton, 1873 † Triton abbreviatus Bellardi in d'Ancona, 1872 Triton acclivis Hutton, 1873 Triton americanum d』Orbigny, 1842 Triton brasilianum Gould, 1849 Triton fossatum Gould, 1860 (doubtful synonym) † Triton olearium var. escoffierae Fontannes, 1879 Triton parthenopaeum [sic] (misspelling of Triton parthenopeum (Salis Marschlins, 1793)) Triton parthenopaeum var. antupa de Gregorio, 1885 Triton parthenopaeum var. milona de Gregorio, 1884 Triton parthenopaeum var. peribranta de Gregorio, 1884 Triton parthenopaeum var. sbilpa de Gregorio, 1885 Triton parthenopaeum var. stimum de Gregorio, 1885 Triton succinctum Lamarck, 1816 Tritonium hirsutum Franseschini, 1906