T4噬菌體

T4噬菌體是噬菌體的一個品系,屬於T-系噬菌體,為烈性噬菌體。具有典型的蝌蚪狀外形:六角形的頭部和可收縮的長的尾部。頭部的蛋白質外殼內含有摺疊的DNA分子;尾部的蛋白質外殼為一中空的長管,外面包有可收縮的尾鞘。頭部大小為65*95nm,頸部長95nm,尾部120nm。

Bacteriophage T4 Structural Model at Atomic Resolution[1]
T4噬菌體
病毒分類 編輯
(未分級) 病毒 Virus
域: 雙鏈DNA病毒域 Duplodnaviria
界: 香港病毒界 Heunggongvirae
門: 尾噬菌體門 Uroviricota
綱: 有尾噬菌體綱 Caudoviricetes
目: 有尾噬菌體目 Caudovirales
科: 肌尾噬菌體科 Myoviridae
屬: T4噬菌體屬 T4virus
種:
T4噬菌體 Enterobacteria phage T4

介紹

侵染寄主時,尾鞘收縮,頭部的DNA即通過中空的尾部注入細胞內。T-系噬菌體是研究最廣泛和深入的細菌噬菌體,侵染大腸桿菌(一種正常棲居在人類腸道中的細菌)B菌株,T為英文Type的字頭,並按其發現的前後順序編號為T1,2,3,4,5,6,7,因其偶數型(2,4,6)結構的化學組成與奇數型(1,3,5,7)不同,故又分為T-偶數系與T-奇數系。例:T4屬偶數系。

結構

其構造屬複合對稱體制。因結構簡單、遺傳背景清楚、增殖容易、對人無害,故是迄今被研究得最透徹、在病毒學分子遺傳學研究中應用最廣泛的模式生物之一。構造分頭部、頸部和尾部3部分。頭部呈拉長的二十面體結構,長95nm,寬65 nm,衣殼由9~19種蛋白質組成,蛋白質含量占 76%~81%,含有直徑為6nm的衣殼粒212個。核心由線狀dsDNA組成,長約50μm(約為頭長的650倍),由1.7×10bp構成(包括約2.3%末端冗餘)。 DNA成分特殊,以5-羥甲基胞嘧啶(HMC)取代常見的胞嘧啶。頭、尾部相連處有一頸部,包括頸環和頸鬚,前者為一六角形盤狀結構,直徑37.5nm,每一角上各長一頸鬚,用以裹住吸附前的尾絲。長而可收縮的尾部由尾鞘、尾管、基板、刺突和尾絲5部分組成。尾鞘長95、寬22 nm,是一種由相對分子質量為55 000的衣殼粒共144個纏繞而成的24環螺旋組成。尾管長95 nm,直徑8nm,中央孔道的直徑為2.5~3.5 nm,它是頭部核酸即基因組注入寄主細胞時的必經之路。尾管亦由24環螺旋組成,與尾鞘相對應。基板與頸環相似,為一有中央尾孔的六角形盤狀物,直徑為30.5 nm,上長6個刺突和6根尾絲。刺突長20nm,有吸附功能。尾絲可折成2段,長140nm,直徑3~ 4nm,由2種相對分子質量較大的蛋白質和4種相對分子質量較小的蛋白質組成,能專一地吸附在敏感寄主細胞表面的相應受體上。T4的尾孔至少含溶菌酶等8種蛋白質。3種T偶數噬菌體在寄主細胞表面有不同的吸附位點:T4在大腸埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)B菌株上的吸附位點是LPS核心多糖中的α-葡糖基-(1→3)葡萄糖末端,在K菌株上則為LPS或外膜蛋白 OmpC。 科學家們在T4噬菌體中發現了一種酶,稱為T4-DNA連接酶,在轉基因技術中用作黏性末端平末端的連接酶。對平末端連接效率低下。

參考

  1. ^ Padilla-Sanchez, Victor. Structural Model of Bacteriophage T4. WikiJournal of Science. 2021, 4 (1): 5 [2021-08-06]. doi:10.15347/WJS/2021.005. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-28). 

延伸閱讀

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參閲

外部連結

警告:默認排序鍵「Enterobacteria Phage T4」覆蓋了之前的默認排序鍵「Enterobacteria phage T4」。